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Improving student learning is now the most pressing education challenge facing Lao PDR. While Lao PDR has made impressive advancements in providing children with schooling, levels of student learning have remained low and the quality of education delivery is poor. In 2017, the World Bank conducted the SABER Service Delivery (SABER SD) survey to support the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) in its efforts to improve education outcomes. Survey results reveal that student learning in Lao PDR is very low. SABER SD survey results indicate that insufficient student learning leaves the majority of students unprepared for secondary school, as most students are not attaining the knowledge required for the secondary school curriculum. In addition, significant numbers of students are not achieving even the most basic levels of literacy and numeracy. This data support the findings of previous studies that low levels of learning at the primary school level are a major reason parents allow children to drop out of school in early grades or never enroll them in school at all. While alarming results for student learning spanned all ethnicities, the SABER SD survey revealed an urgent need to improve educational equity for students whose mother tongue is not Lao-Tai. Non-Lao-Tai students were also significantly more likely to lack basic skills in literacy and numeracy. The gap in performance between students in rural schools and urban schools is also significant. In summary, continuing to expand school provision will address some of the needs of Lao PDR children, but achieving goals for enrollment, retention, and learning outcomes in those schools requires concerted focus by all education service providers and new investments in improving learning for all children.

Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Educational Institutions and Facilities

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Low levels of foundational literacy and numeracy skills in Kosovo limit the ability of young adults to develop the skills required for the labor market and to lead full and productive lives. It is well documented that early childhood development (ECD)in the first 1,000 days of life lays the foundation for a lifetime of positive outcomes in health, education, wellbeing, and labor market productivity. This period is proven to be sensitive for brain development and strengthening of the immune system. The brain grows faster during this period than any other time. Children missing appropriate health and nutrition, education, and nurturing care supports in these critical years may encounter long-term difficulties in learning and life outcomes. Evidence finds that those who fall behind early struggle to catch up, losing out on valuable higher education and human capital potential. Research confirms that efforts and investments to improve human capital outcomes must start in the earliest years and employ a multisectoral approach to help children survive and thrive. The aim of this situational analysis is to support the government of Kosovo in developing a comprehensive strategy and enabling environment that support the equitable expansion of quality ECD services. This report analyzes multi-sectoral services supporting ECD in Kosovo by taking a child growth and development approach from pregnancy to entry to primary school, around six years old.

Child Health --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood Development --- Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Literacy --- Nutrition --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Prenatal Care --- Reproductive Health --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor