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The financial crisis struck with full force in the autumn of 2008. Very soon after the start of the crisis, culprits were sought. An important recurring argument was that liberalization of trade in banking services, as pursued at the European (within the EU) and international level (in the WTO), had seriously reduced the possibilities for governments to regulate and supervise the banking sector. This book examines the validity of this claim and considers how EU law and WTO law deal with the trade-off any policy-maker must make between stability and efficiency in the market for banking services. The book considers specifically the interaction between EU and WTO law because the EU is itself a Member of the WTO, next to its Member States. This implies that the EU must respect the obligations it undertook in the framework of the WTO when the EU determines its policy towards third-country banks.
Foreign trade policy --- Private finance --- Commercial law. Economic law (general) --- European Union --- Banks and banking, International --- Banks and banking --- Banking law --- Law and legislation --- State supervision --- Banks and banking, International. --- Banking law. --- Law, Banking --- Financial institutions --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Money --- International banking --- Offshore banking (Finance) --- Transnational banking --- Financial institutions, International --- International finance --- Law and legislation. --- State supervision. --- Banks and banking, International - Europe --- Banks and banking, International - Law and legislation --- Banks and banking, International - Law and legislation - Europe --- Banks and banking - State supervision --- Banks and banking - State supervision - Europe --- Banking law - Europe
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Commercial law --- International law --- Law of international organizations --- World Trade Organization --- 339.9 --- 341.125 WTO --- 336.226.3 --- WTO World Trade Organization --- internationale handel --- recht (wetgeving) --- GATT --- globalisering --- handel, internationaal --- handelspolitiek, internationaal --- recht, internationale organisaties --- recht, internationale verdragen --- 339.5 --- Internationale handel --- Wereldhandel --- Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- World Trade Organization--vv n-{341.125 GATT} sinds 1995--WTO --- BTW (verbruiksbelastingen) --- Internationale economie in het algemeen. Internationale economische betrekkingen. Wereldeconomie --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Tariff --- Law and legislation. --- 341.125 WTO World Trade Organization--vv n-{341.125 GATT} sinds 1995--WTO --- 339.9 Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Foreign trade regulation --- Customs regulations --- Tariff lists --- Tariff schedules --- Trade regulation --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Law and legislation --- Law --- World Trade Organization. --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Droit économique et social --- Organisations publiques internationales
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Domestic regulation of services sectors has a significant impact on services trade liberalization, which is why General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) disciplines are negotiated in the WTO. With the help of analyses and case-studies from academics, regulators and trade experts, this book explores the scope and limits of WTO legal principles to promote domestic regulatory reform. Case-studies discuss country-specific challenges and experiences of regulating important service sectors, such as finance, telecommunications, distribution, legal, education, health, postal and logistics services, as well as the role of regulatory impact assessments. The findings will interest trade officials, policy-makers, regulators, think tanks and businesses concerned with the implications of domestic regulation on access to services markets, and with the opportunities for formulating trade disciplines in this area. It is also a useful resource for academics and students researching regulatory approaches and practices in services sectors.
Foreign trade regulation --- World Trade Organization --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Law and legislation --- World Trade Organization. --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Foreign trade regulation.
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In de herfst van 2008 overspoelde de tsunami van de financiële crisis met volle kracht de financiële planeet. Het barsten van de vastgoedzeepbel in de Verenigde Staten gaf aanleiding tot een algemene paniek en verlies aan vertrouwen, ook buiten de VS. Grote financiële instellingen stortten ineen. De financiële crisis sloeg al snel over op de reële economie. Consumentenvertrouwen daalde dramatisch en banken schroefden hun leningen sterk terug. Ondernemingen zagen hun bestellingen afnemen en stelden investeringsbeslissingen uit. Het Internationaal Muntfonds beschreef de situatie als "the deepest post-World War II recession". De wereld werd tenslotte overspoeld door een derde crisisgolf. De grote inspanningen die overheden ondernamen om hun financiële sector te redden en de economische crisis het hoofd te bieden, legden een zware last op de openbare financiën. In sommige landen gaf dit aanleiding tot een nationale schuldencrisis, met een verlaging van kredietwaardigheid van de landen. Op het moment van het afsluiten van het doctoraatsonderzoek is het verre van duidelijk of het einde van de crisis in zicht is. Al snel na de aanvang van de financiële crisis werd gezocht naar schuldigen. Een belangrijk terugkerend element was dat de vrijmaking van handel in bankdiensten, zoals nagestreefd op Europees (in de Europese Unie (EU)) en internationaal (meer bepaald in de Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WTO)) niveau, de mogelijkheden van overheden om de banksector te reguleren en toezicht te houden in sterke mate had beperkt. De doctoraatsthesis onderzoekt precies deze Europese en internationale processen en gaat, enerzijds, na in welke mate zij de mogelijkheden van overheden beperken om financiële stabiliteit te garanderen door regulering en toezicht en, anderzijds, in welke mate zij de doelstelling van verhoogde efficiëntie in de markten voor bankdiensten kunnen bereiken. Op basis van het onderzoek wordt geargumenteerd dat de interactie tussen het recht van de WTO en het EU recht de mogelijkheid voor beleidsmakers om een passend evenwicht tussen efficiëntie en stabiliteit te vinden niet belemmert. De balans dreigt echter, zeker op het internationale niveau, over te hellen in de richting van erg veel beleidsruimte voor het garanderen van stabiliteit en erg weinig beperkingen voor maatregelen die efficiëntie in het gedrang kunnen brengen.
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