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Cytokine Protocols
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ISBN: 1617794392 1617794384 Year: 2012 Publisher: Totowa, NJ : Humana Press : Imprint: Humana,

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Recent studies have discovered new known and characterized cytokines, allowing for advancement in miniaturization of micro-analytical methods as well as the extensive development of bio-informatics and nanotechnology.  These advancements have allowed researchers to  reduces sample sizes making for more accurate determinations then previously possible. In Cytokine Protocols: Second Edition, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study cytokines. These methods and techniques for studying cytokines include historical importance and the importance of researchers using bioassay, quantification, and characterization of cytokine related RNAs,  posttranscriptional modifications of RNA, either naturally or artificially, and observations at the protein level. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, the chapters include the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the laboratory.   Authoritative and practical, Cytokine Protocols: Second Edition seeks to aid scientists in furthering the crucially important advancement of cytokine research.

Cytokine Protocols
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ISBN: 1280831472 9786610831470 1592596673 089603948X Year: 2004 Publisher: Totowa, NJ : Humana Press : Imprint: Humana,

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Because cytokines regulate many different bodily functions in living organisms, mainly at the level of cell-cell communications, there is great interest in understanding their mode of action. In Cytokine Protocols, established researchers, physicians, and clinicians present their best biochemical, cellular, and molecular techniques for unraveling and quantifying the events occurring between the initial contact of a cytokine at the membrane receptor and the eventual activation of gene transcription. Described in step-by-step detail to ensure successful experimental results, these protocols cover the large-scale generation and purification of plasmid DNA, the identification of DNA-protein interactions via the gel mobility shift assay, RNA-level phenomena, and the isolation and characterization of cytokines, cytokine-related proteins, and their interactions. The techniques used include the generation of transfectants, the immunohistochemical detection of cytokines in tissue sections, and optimized staining for cytoplasmic detection. Highlights include RT-PCR of small amounts of mRNA, in situ hybridization, biosensor analysis, measurement of biological activities and standardization, immunohistochemical and single-cell detection, and receptor isolation, characterization, and crystallization. Each protocol includes a background introduction, equipment and reagent lists, tips on troubleshooting and avoiding pitfalls, and, where needed, a discussion of the interpretation of results. Comprehensive and highly practical, Cytokine Protocols offers novice researchers a concise introduction to the principles of cytokine research, and experienced investigators all the advanced techniques and time-saving tips needed to ensure productive research.


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Overdrukken / De Ley, Marc.
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Dissertation
De reaktie van thiocyanaat, selenocyanaat, cyanide en koolstofmonoxide met helix-pomatia-hemocyanine
Authors: ---
Year: 1972 Publisher: Leuven KUL. Faculteit wetenschappen

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De zuurstofafhankelijkheid van de nucleolitische activiteit van metallothioneines.
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2009 Publisher: Leuven K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

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Expression in Escherichia coli and partial characterisation of baboon interferon-gamma.

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Metallothionein biosynthesis in mononuclear cell from human cord blood.
Authors: --- ---
Year: 1998 Publisher: Leuven K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

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Regulation of metallothionein gene expression in human blood precursor cells and cell lines.

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Metallothionein biosynthesis in human haematopoietic precursor cells.
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2007 Publisher: Leuven K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

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In aansluiting op vroeger onderzoek op ons laboratorium naar de MT-biosynthese niet alleen in monocyten en lymfocyten, maar ook in precursoren van erytrocyten en trombocyten, wordt in deze doctoraatsthesis de MT-expressie bestudeerd in hematopoietische precursorcellen van een vroeger stadium om zo informatie te verkrijgen over de mogelijke rol van MT in de proliferatie en differentiatie van bloedcellen. Meer in het bijzonder zijn we geïnteresseerd in de expressie van de verschillende MT-isovormen, aangezien reeds eerder werd verondersteld dat een verschillende functionaliteit zou kunnen toegeschreven worden aan de isovormen. In het eerste gedeelte van dit project werden CD34+-cellen afgezonderd uit humaan navelstrengbloed en werd de MT-expressie in deze cellen bestudeerd zowel op mRNA- als op proteïneniveau. Transcripten van 7 van de 10 functionele MT-isovormen waren detecteerbaar in niet-geïnduceerde CD34+-cellen: MT-1A, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1X and 2A. De relatieve expressie van de isovormen was de volgende: MT-2A > -1X > -1A, -1E, -1G > -1F, -1H. Incubatie met Zn resulteerde in een toename van totale MT-mRNA gehaltes als een gevolg van de inductie van de individuele MT-isovormen. Na Zn-incubatie werd ook de isovorm MT-1B gedetecteerd. De isovormen MT-3 and MT-4 waren transcriptioneel inactief in CD34+ cellen. Op proteïneniveau toonden immunocytochemische kleuringen een verhoogde expressie van MT in Zn-geïnduceerde CD34+-cellen. Voorgaande resultaten werden vergeleken met de MT-mRNA expressie in volwassen bloedcellen (CD34--cellen afkomstig van humaan navelstrengbloed, monocyten en lymfocyten). Er konden echter geen grote verschillen waargenomen worden die zouden wijzen op een mogelijke rol van één van de isovormen in de proliferatie en differentiatie van deze precursoren. In een tweede deel van het onderzoek werd de mogelijke rol van MT en de isovormen in de proliferatie van cellen bestudeerd gebruik makend van de hematopoietische precursorcellijn K-562. K-562 cellen werden gedurende 72 h geïncubeerd in medium met slechts 1 % ( v/v ) FCS om hen te synchronizeren in de G0 fase van de celcyclus. Deze serumdeprivatie resulteerde in een opmerkelijke daling van de MT-mRNA expressie van alle isovormen. Na transfer van de cellen naar vers medium met 10 % ( v/v ) FCS stegen de MT-mRNA gehaltes van de isovormen binnen de 1-1,5 h naar waarden hoger dan normaal in K-562 cellen. Inhibitie van de proteïnesynthese door toevoeging van CHX had geen enkel effect op dit proces, wat doet vermoeden dat de MT genen reageren als ‘primary response genes’. Het inhiberend effect van de proteine kinase C inhibitor H7 gaf ook een extra argument voor de mogelijke rol van de transcriptiefactor MTF-1 in dit proces. Niet enkel de MT-mRNA expressie maar ook de MT-proteïne-expressie steeg na serum stimulatie van de cellen. We kunnen besluiten dat MT een mogelijke rol speelt in de terugkeer van rustende cellen in de celcyclus. De megakaryocytische precursorcellijn ELF-153 was zeer interessant voor ons onderzoek omdat er een afwijkend patroon in de expressie van de MT-isovormen werd in teruggevonden. Enkel transcripten van de isovormen: MT-1A, -1F, -1X en -2A konden waargenomen worden in niet-geïnduceerde cellen. Behandeling van de cellen met Zn resulteerde in een inductie van totale MT-mRNA gehaltes, maar enkel de isovorm MT-1G kwam extra tot expressie. Methylatie van de promotergebieden kon gezien worden als een mogelijke oorzaak voor het ontbreken van bepaalde MT-isovormen, maar behandeling van de cellen met 5-azacytidine had geen enkel effect en weerlegde zo deze hypothese. Ten slotte werd de MT-proteïne-expressie in 4 hematopoietische precursorcellijnen onderzocht en gerelateerd aan de proliferatie van deze cellen tijdens normale en Zn-geïnduceerde omstandigheden. Er kon een verband aangetoond worden tussen de expressie van MT in Zn-geïnduceerde condities en de gevoeligheid van de cellen voor hoge Zn concentraties. Dami en MEG-01 cellen vertonen relatief hoge gehaltes aan MT na incubatie met 50 µM Zn maar waren echter niet in staat om de MT-expressie verder op te drijven bij behandeling met 100 µM Zn. Voor beide celtypes kon aangetoond worden dat 100 µM Zn behandeling toxisch was. K-562 cellen hadden daarentegen zeer hoge gehaltes aan MT na behandeling met 100 µM Zn. Deze cellen zijn dan ook zeer resistent voor hoge Zn concentraties en 150 µM Zn was toxisch. ELF-153 cellen vertonen een gemiddelde expressie van MT na Zn-behandeling vergeleken met de overige cellijnen en voor ELF-153 cellen was 110 µM Zn toxisch. Finaal kunnen we besluiten dat MTs een rol spelen in de proliferatie van bloedcellen, al was het niet mogelijk om dit toe te schrijven aan één enkele isovorm. Previous research in our laboratory revealed the presence of MT in monocytes and lymphocytes but also in immature blood cells like RBC precursor cells and Plt precursor cells. We decided to investigate the MT expression in precursor cells that are even more immature. Studying the expression of MT in very immature blood cells is important in order to obtain information about the possible role of MT in the proliferation and differentiation of blood cells. In particular information about the expression of the different MT isoforms was preconceived because of the surmised different functionality of the isoforms. In the first part of the project, CD34+ cells were isolated from human cord blood and the MT expression was investigated. The MT genes were found to be transcribed in non-induced CD34+ cells. The transcription of 7 out of 10 functional MT isoforms was observed in non-induced CD34+ cells: MT-1A, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1X and 2A. The relative abundance of the isoforms was found to be: MT-2A > -1X > -1A, -1E, -1G > -1F, -1H. Incubation with Zn increased total MT mRNA levels as a result of the induced transcription of the previously mentioned isoforms. An additional expression of MT-1B was detectable after Zn induction. The isoforms MT-3 and MT-4 were found to be transcriptionally inactive. These results were compared with the MT mRNA expression in mature blood cells (CD34- cells from human cord blood, monocytes and lymphocytes). No major differences were found however that could indicate a possible function of one of the isoforms in the proliferation or differentiation of the cells. IHC demonstrated an increased expression of MT protein in Zn-induced CD34+ cells. In the second part of the project, the possible role of MT and its isoforms in the cellular proliferation was investigated using the haematopoietic precursor cell line K-562. K-562 cells were serum deprived in order to synchronize them in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Serum deprivation resulted in a decrease of the MT mRNA expression for all MT isoforms. After transferring the cells to fresh medium, MT mRNA levels increased within 1-1.5 h to levels even higher as compared with normal cells. The protein synthesis inhibitor CHX had no effect on this process indicating that the MT genes act as primary response genes. The inhibitory effect of the PKC inhibitor H7, also argues for the participation of the transcription factor MTF-1 in this process. Not only MT mRNA levels, but also MT protein levels increase after serum stimulation of the cells. Hence we can conclude that MT may play a role in the re-entry of the cells in the cell cycle. The question remains whether MT is a protein regulating the cell cycle or a cell cycle regulated protein. Studying the megakaryocytic precursor cell line ELF-153 was very interesting because an aberrant transcription of the MT isoforms was found in this cell line. Only transcripts of the isoforms MT-1A, -1F, -1X and -2A were present in non-induced cells. Addition of Zn resulted in an additional transcription of MT-1G, but the other MT isoforms (MT-1B, -1E and -1H) did not respond. The phenomenon of the missing isoforms could possibly be the result of promoter methylation but treatment with 5-azacytidine abolished this hypothesis. Finally, the MT protein expression was investigated in 4 haematopoietic precursor cell lines and associated with the proliferation of the cells under normal and Zn-induced conditions. A relationship was found between the expression of MT protein levels after Zn incubation and the sensitivity of the cells for Zn. Dami and MEG-01 cells were found to attain relatively high levels of MT after incubation with 50 µM Zn, but they were not able to induce their MT levels still more after incubation with 100 µM Zn. For both cell types, 100 µM Zn was found to be toxic. K-562 cells have the possibility to increase their MT levels to very high levels after 100 µM Zn treatment. For this cell type, only 150 µM Zn was toxic for the cells. ELF-153 cells have an intermediate MT expression compared with the other cell types and the toxic level of Zn is at 110 µM Zn. We can conclude that MTs play a role in the proliferation of blood cells although it was not possible to relate this function with a specific isoform. Metallothioneïnes (MTs) zijn kleine cysteïne-rijke proteïnen met een hoge affiniteit voor zware metalen zoals zink, koper en cadmium. Ze spelen een belangrijke rol in de cel, o.a. bij de detoxificatie van zware metalen, de bescherming tegen vrije radicalen en de zink homeostase. Het veelvuldige voorkomen van MT en zijn sterk geconserveerde structuur doen vermoeden dat ze ook een rol kunnen spelen in andere belangrijke cellulaire processen zoals de proliferatie en differentiatie. Opmerkelijk is het voorkomen van minstens 10 functionele MT genen waarvan de expressie hoofdzakelijk gereguleerd wordt op het niveau van transcriptie. Deze 10 MT isovormen vertonen een celtype-specifieke expressie wat een verschil in functionaliteit tussen de isovormen doet vermoeden. In deze doctoraatsthesis werd de mogelijke rol van MT en vooral van de verschillende isovormen bestudeerd tijdens de proliferatie en differentiatie van bloedcellen. Hierbij werd in eerste instantie de expressie van MT op zowel mRNA- als proteïneniveau bestudeerd in CD34+ cellen geïsoleerd uit humaan navelstrengbloed. Deze CD34+ cellen zijn zeer immature, hematopoietische precursorcellen met een hoge proliferatieve capaciteit en differentieerbaar naar eender welk bloedceltype. We onderzochten ook de inductie door zink van MT mRNA en proteïne in deze CD34+ cellen. Zink vervult immers een belangrijke rol in talrijke cellulaire processen zoals de proliferatie en differentiatie. Parallel met de experimenten uitgevoerd met de CD34+ cellen werden steeds ook de meer volwassen ‘tegenhangers’ nl. de CD34- cellen bestudeerd. Wegens de beperkte hoeveelheid beschikbare CD34+ cellen werd in een tweede deel van het onderzoek de mogelijke rol van MT en de isovormen in de proliferatie van cellen bestudeerd gebruik makend van de hematopoietische precursorcellijn K-562. Deze cellen werden gesynchroniseerd in de G0-fase van de celcyclus en vervolgens gestimuleerd om de celcyclus te hervatten. Hierna werd de MT expressie bestudeerd zowel op mRNA- als proteïneniveau. De megakaryocytische precursorcellijn ELF-153 was ook zeer interessant voor ons onderzoek omdat er een afwijkend patroon in de expressie van MT isovormen werd in teruggevonden. De methylatie van promotorgebieden werd onderzocht als mogelijke oorzaak voor het ontbreken van enkele veel voorkomende MT isovormen in deze cellijn. Tenslotte werd de MT proteïne-expressie in 4 hematopoietische precursorcellijnen (K-562, ELF-153, MEG-01 en Dami) onderzocht en gerelateerd aan de proliferatie van deze cellen tijdens normale en Zn-geïnduceerde omstandigheden.

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Dissertation
Gastropodan hemocyanin : phenoloxidase activity, antigenicity and immunological relationship with alpha-macroglobulin.
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2006 Publisher: Leuven K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

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Hemocyanins (Hcs) are respiratory glycoproteins occurring freely dissolved in the hemolymph of many arthropodan and molluscan invertebrates. They belong to the family of type-3 copper proteins as they contain active sites consisting of paired copper atoms (CuA, CuB). Molluscan Hc subunits are long polypeptide chains containing 7 or 8 so-called functional units (FUs) named a to g or h , from the N-terminus on. Each FU (molecular mass of 50 kDa) contains one dicopper active site and is able to bind a dioxygen molecule. Ten subunits form a decameric entity with a cylindrical shape (molecular mass of 350-400 kDa) in the cephalopodan Hc while a didecameric form (molecular mass of 900 kDa) is characteristic for gastropodan Hc. In this thesis we have investigated the intrinsic and induced phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the Hcs of the gastropod Helix pomatia ( Hp ) and the cephalopod Sepia officinalis ( So ). The small intrinsic o -diPO activity of Hp beta-Hc observed with catechol as substrate is increased by about 3 fold on dissociation of the Hc into dimers of subunits. Further amplification of the PO activity was obtained on treatment with subtilisin, producing internal cleavages inside FUs. The enzymatic efficiency was found to be very low ( e.g. , k cat/ K m= 0.068 mM-1min-1 for associated Hp beta-Hc) compared to a true tyrosinase (Ty). This low activity could be compensated for by the high concentration of Hc in the hemolymph. The K m value of the dissociated Hp beta-Hc and So Hc (~ 3-4 mM) is comparable to that of catechol oxidase and Ty indicating that catechol can complex with high affinity with at least some of the active sites of native Hc molecules. Study of separated FUs showed that the intrinsic PO activity of Hp beta-Hc is basically contributed by FU  Hp f while in So Hc the main contribution comes from FU So g . Also, under the experimental conditions only those two FUs were found to be inducible for enhanced PO activity by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. These data support the earlier conclusion that Hp f and So g are functional and structural analogues. With minute amounts of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) a transient induction of PO activity was observed for Hp beta-Hc. It was observed that at higher SDS concentration ( e.g. , 4 mM) PO activity was lost completely after some time while a small amount of residual copper was retained by the Hc. We also determined the immunological relationship between Hp beta-Hc and Hp alpha-macroglobulin (alpha-M), a high molecular mass proteinase inhibitor which together with Hc is present in the hemolymph. Only the carbohydrate containing Hp FUs contributed in the cross-reaction indicating a possible involvement of sugar in the antigenicity of Hc. Such a role of sugar was confirmed by comparative ELISA (enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) experiments with Hp g and deglycosylated Hp g using anti- Hp g IgGs and by inhibition ELISA experiments with glycopeptides of Hp g . Results indicated that some of the IgGs (anti- Hp g ) were directed against the glycan parts. From FU Hp e three glycopeptides were isolated. Their glycan chains were found to be partly responsible for the immunological cross-reaction with alpha-M. With a FU of another gastropodan Hc, namely FU Rt H2- e from Rapana thomasiana Hc, a novel  N -linked glycan structure was discovered by mass spectrometric analysis of (chymo)tryptic glycopeptides. Inhibition ELISA experiments indicated that also this glycan structure was involved in the antigenicity of the Hc. Next to the well known hemoglobin, another oxygen carrier protein hemocyanin (Hc) occurs in the animal kingdom. Hcs are high molecular mass glycoproteins found in the molluscan and arthropodan phyla. The cylindrical shaped molluscan Hc is composed of 10 or 20 subunits, each containing 7-8 functional units (FUs). Each FU contains a pair of Cu atoms in its ‘active site’ which can reversibly bind molecular oxygen. A group of enzymes called phenoloxidases (POs), from which Hcs probably evolved, possess a similar active site with paired Cu atoms but in contrast to Hc they oxidize phenolic substrates. Reports indicate that due to the active site similarity Hcs can be induced to carry out PO activity. This phenomenon has been investigated in this thesis for the Hcs of two animals of the molluscan phylum, the gastropod Helix pomatia ( Hp , vineyard snail) and the cephalopod Sepia officinalis ( So , cuttle-fish). Small intrinsic o -diPO activity was noted for the native Hp beta-Hc which was increased by 3 times by dissociating the Hc into dimers of subunits. A limited subtilisin treatment introducing internal cleavages inside the FUs could further increase the PO activity of the dissociated Hp beta-Hc. Also Hp alpha-Hc (with two subtypes, alpha-N-Hc and alpha-D-Hc) and the So Hc exhibited a similar induction in PO activity on subtilisin treatment. Among the 8 FUs, basically only one was responsible for the intrinsic PO activity, namely FU Hp f for Hp beta-Hc and FU So g for So Hc (subunit 2). Also only these FUs were inducible by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. Hp beta-Hc was also induced for the PO activity by treatment with small amounts of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, a detergent). Hcs are strongly immunogenic, i.e. , they can elicit the production of antibodies when injected into an animal. In this thesis we have investigated the involvement of the glycans (sugars attached to the FUs) in the antigenicity of Hc of Hp beta-Hc and the Hc of the marine gastropod Rapana thomasiana ( Rt ). By means of immunological experiments we have gathered evidence that glycans of FUs Hp e and Hp g contribute in the antigenicity of Hp beta-Hc. Likewise, the glycans of Rt H2- e ( Rt FU e , subunit 2), whose structures were also determined in this work, contribute in the antigenicity of Rt Hc. We have isolated and characterized Hp alpha-macroglobulin (alpha-M), a proteinase inhibitor which coexists with Hc in the Hp hemolymph. An immunological relationship between alpha-M and beta-Hc was established. Only the sugar containing Hp FUs were found to be involved in the cross-reaction. It means that these two proteins possess some common antigenic sites most of which are sugar motifs and the antibodies raised against one protein can be detected by the other.

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