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African American consumers -- Social conditions. --- American literature -- 20th century -- History and criticism. --- Consumption (Economics) in literature. --- Material culture -- United States -- History -- 20th century. --- Popular culture -- United States -- History -- 20th century. --- Racism in popular culture. --- American literature --- Consumption (Economics) in literature --- Material culture --- Popular culture --- Racism in popular culture --- African American consumers --- American Literature --- English --- Languages & Literatures --- Afro-American consumers --- Afro-Americans as consumers --- Consumers, African American --- Negroes as consumers --- Consumers --- Culture, Popular --- Mass culture --- Pop culture --- Popular arts --- Communication --- Intellectual life --- Mass society --- Recreation --- Culture --- Folklore --- Technology --- English literature --- Agrarians (Group of writers) --- History and criticism --- History --- Social conditions --- American literature. --- Material culture. --- Popular culture. --- History and criticism. --- Social conditions.
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Wealth --- History --- Venice (Italy) --- Venice (Italy) --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions.
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This paper links data on establishments and individuals to analyze the role of establishments in the increase in inequality that has become a central topic in economic analysis and policy debate. It decomposes changes in the variance of ln earnings among individuals into the part due to changes in earnings among establishments and the part due to changes in earnings within-establishments and finds that much of the 1970s-2010s increase in earnings inequality results from increased dispersion of the earnings among the establishments where individuals work. It also shows that the divergence of establishment earnings occurred within and across industries and was associated with increased variance of revenues per worker. Our results direct attention to the fundamental role of establishment-level pay setting and economic adjustments in earnings inequality.
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This paper uses linked establishment-firm-employee data to examine the relationship between the scientists and engineers proportion (SEP) of employment, and productivity and labor earnings. We show that: (1) most scientists and engineers in industry are employed in establishments producing goods or services, and do not perform research and development (R&D); (2) productivity is higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increases with increases in SEP; (3) employee earnings are higher in manufacturing establishments with higher SEP, and increase substantially for employees who move to establishments with higher SEP, but only modestly for employees within an establishment when SEP increases in the establishment. The results suggest that the work of scientists and engineers in goods and services producing establishments is an important pathway for increasing productivity and earnings, separate and distinct from the work of scientists and engineers who perform R&D.
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