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General ethics --- Colonisation. Decolonisation --- Human rights --- World history --- Glissant, Edouard --- anno 1900-1999

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Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Weil, Simone

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Is Africa' rural economy transforming as its economies grow? This paper uses comparable income aggregates from 41 national household surveys from 22 countries to explore the extent of income diversification among rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa, and to look at how income diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa compares with other regions, taking into account differences in levels of development. The paper also seeks to understand how geography drives income diversification, focusing on the role of agricultural potential and distance to urban areas. The countries in the African sample have higher shares of on-farm income (63 versus 33 percent) and lower shares on nonagricultural wage income (8 and 21 percent) compared with countries of other regions. Specialization in on-farm activities continues to be the norm in rural Africa (52 percent of households, 21 percent in other regions). In terms of welfare, specialization in nonagricultural income-generating activities stochastically dominates farm-based strategies in all of the countries in our African sample. Crop income is still important for welfare, however, and even at higher levels of household income, crop activities continue to play an important complementary role. Regardless of distance and integration in the urban context, when agro-climatic conditions are favorable, farming remains the occupation of choice for most households in the African countries for which the study has geographically explicit information. When urban integration is low and agricultural conditions more difficult, the picture is mixed, with households more likely to engage more fully in nonfarm activities in Niger and Malawi, but less likely to do so in Uganda and Tanzania.

Agriculture --- Diversification --- Economic Theory & Research --- Income --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non-Farm Employment --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor

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This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agricultural production --- Agriculture --- Demographic changes --- Development policies --- Economic Theory and Research --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Impact of migration --- International Migration --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy ReseaRch --- Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR --- Population Policies --- Resource allocation --- Rural areas --- Rural Development --- Rural development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Social Protections and Labor