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Book
ISBN: 9781464813542 Year: 2018 Publisher: Chicago World Bank Publications
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Book
Year: 2016 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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The aim of this case study is to qualitatively assess men and women's perceptions of economic mobility, access to labor market and entrepreneurship opportunities, and the impact of selected labor market and social assistance policies. Through the use of focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, the study aims to uncover underlying differences in perspective by gender, related to the main study topics. The study is structured along four main themes: (1) economic mobility and shared prosperity; (2) pathways and barriers to employment; (3) youth transitions, and (4) coping with poverty and joblessness.
Employment and Unemployment --- Gender --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor
Book
Year: 2013 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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Household income inequality has declined in Latin America in the past decades, contributing significantly to poverty reduction in the region. Although available evidence shows that changes in the labor income are among the main factors behind these inequality trends, few studies have analyzed more closely the labor market dynamics that have led to a decline in total income inequality in some countries, but also to an increase in others. Using household survey data for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America from 1995 to 2010, this paper uses an extension of the Juhn-Murphy-Pierce methodology to decompose changes in labor income inequality (hourly wages) into a quantity effect (capturing changes in the distribution of workers' skills), price effect (reflecting returns to skills), and unobservables effect (other components, within skill groups, affecting labor income). The results show that falling returns to skills for both education and experience is, on average, driving the decline in labor income inequality in Latin America. The quantity effect, in turn, has contributed little to inequality reduction, mostly attributable to a larger dispersion in years of experience, possibly linked to the region's demographic transition and to significant increases in female labor force participation. Additional findings show that wage inequality, still high in the region, is coupled with inequality in terms of hours worked. The paper complements the existing literature by presenting separate results for males and females, as well as formal and informal sector workers as an attempt to control for secular shifts in these characteristics.
Decomposition --- Inequality --- Labor Income --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Latin-America
Book
Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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The aging challenge in Moldova is pressing. The average age is rising at a much more rapid rate in Moldova than in neighboring countries, and the size of the population is shrinking. The demographic trends are driven by three factors: low fertility, high net emigration, and low life expectancy. Moreover, the risks to well-being are many and diverse among the elderly. For instance, Moldova is one of the few countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region where the elderly are poorer than the average population. In addition, the elderly in rural areas are at particularly high risk of poverty, and have lower access to basic services. The objective of the report is, first, to explore the situation of Moldova's older population in relation to their right to economic security and, second, create knowledge that can inform policy options to guarantee an adequate standard of living for current and future cohorts of the elderly.
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