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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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This paper documents the changing structure of wages in India over the post-reform era, the roughly two-decade period since 1993. To investigate the factors underlying these changes, a supply-demand framework is applied at the level of the Indian state. While real wages have risen across India over the past two decades, the increase has been greater in rural areas and, especially, for unskilled workers. The analysis finds that, in rural areas, the changing wage structure has been driven largely by relative supply factors, such as increased overall education levels and falling female labor force participation. Relative wage changes between rural and urban areas have been driven largely by shifts in employment, notably into unskilled-intensive sectors like construction.

Economic theory & research --- Labor demand --- Labor markets --- Labor policies --- Labor supply --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Markets & market access --- Poverty reduction --- Rural poverty reduction --- Rural wages in india --- Social protections and labor

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This paper empirically investigates whether households affected by income shocks cope by reducing human capital investments. The analysis uses Crisis Response Surveys conducted in Armenia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Turkey during 2009 and 2010. A propensity score matching technique is adopted to compare health and education investment decisions among households that were affected by income shocks to the matched comparison group. The authors find that households affected by income shocks reduced some human capital investments. Interestingly, households in these five countries were more likely to adopt health-related coping strategies as opposed to education-related coping strategies. The results from Armenia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Turkey show that households affected by income shocks reduced their visits to doctors and reduced their spending on medicine and medical care significantly more than the matched comparison group. Households affected by income shocks reduced their education investments, but did not adopt harmful education-related coping strategies, such as withdrawing children from schools or moving children from costly private to cheaper public schools. These findings reveal that long-term and possibly intergenerational household welfare could be affected by short-run income shocks and hence underscore the need for governments to employ mitigation measures.

Coping strategy --- Crisis --- Debt Markets --- Education --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Income shocks --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor

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Satisfaction surveys offer a potentially convenient and cost-effective means for measuring the quality of services. However, concerns about subjectivity and selection bias impede greater use of satisfaction data. This paper analyzes satisfaction data about health and educational services from the 2006 second round of the Governance and Decentralization Survey in Indonesia to assess whether satisfaction data can serve as reliable indicators of quality, despite dubiously high levels of reported satisfaction. The authors use an expectation disconfirmation model that posits that a user's satisfaction with a facility improves with the (positive) difference between the actual quality of the facility and the household's expected standard for quality, which is influenced by its socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that, after taking into account the expectations of households, reported satisfaction does vary significantly with objective indicators of quality. The analysis also checks for possible selection bias affecting the results by using a two-stage selection model. The model yields policy-relevant insights into the aspects of service delivery that most affect satisfaction, highlights differences across rich and poor districts, and shows that once the role of expectations has been factored in, the variation in user satisfaction can be highly informative for policymakers and researchers alike.

Communities --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Community health --- Community participation --- Description --- Districts --- Female --- Gender --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Household composition --- Households --- Houses --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Public health --- Rural areas --- Secondary schools --- Social exclusion --- Urban area --- Urban areas --- Village level --- Villages

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Satisfaction surveys offer a potentially convenient and cost-effective means for measuring the quality of services. However, concerns about subjectivity and selection bias impede greater use of satisfaction data. This paper analyzes satisfaction data about health and educational services from the 2006 second round of the Governance and Decentralization Survey in Indonesia to assess whether satisfaction data can serve as reliable indicators of quality, despite dubiously high levels of reported satisfaction. The authors use an expectation disconfirmation model that posits that a user's satisfaction with a facility improves with the (positive) difference between the actual quality of the facility and the household's expected standard for quality, which is influenced by its socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that, after taking into account the expectations of households, reported satisfaction does vary significantly with objective indicators of quality. The analysis also checks for possible selection bias affecting the results by using a two-stage selection model. The model yields policy-relevant insights into the aspects of service delivery that most affect satisfaction, highlights differences across rich and poor districts, and shows that once the role of expectations has been factored in, the variation in user satisfaction can be highly informative for policymakers and researchers alike.

Communities --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Community health --- Community participation --- Description --- Districts --- Female --- Gender --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Household composition --- Households --- Houses --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Public health --- Rural areas --- Secondary schools --- Social exclusion --- Urban area --- Urban areas --- Village level --- Villages