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This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skirt discrimination in the primary labor market to build successful self-employed ventures in the form of ethnic enclaves or ethnic labor markets. The paper uses entry into self-employment for educated minority groups as a proxy for minority enclaves. Based on multinomial logistic regression, the analysis finds that the minority enclave hypothesis does not hold for Dalits but it does overwhelmingly for Muslims. The interaction of Dalit and Muslim status with post-primary education in urban areas demonstrates that post-primary education confers almost a disadvantage for minority men: it does not seem to affect their allocation either to salaried work or to non-farm self-employment but does increase their likelihood of opting out of the labor force - and if they cannot afford to drop out, they join the casual labor market. Due to the complexity of these results and the fact that there are no earnings data for self-employment, it is difficult to say whether self-employment is a choice or compulsion and whether builders of minority enclaves fare better than those in the primary market.

Education --- Educational Policy and Planning --- Employment --- Employment outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human capital --- Labor --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor market outcomes --- Labor Markets --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Population Policies --- Previous work --- Primary education --- Public Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor

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Cities today face an unprecedented risk of natural hazards compounded by serious governance challenges. How can cities ensure that in building resilience, they address the needs of those most at risk of being excluded? How can they develop strategies that simultaneously foster resilient infrastructure and social inclusion? This note focuses on urban floods--one of the most pervasive forms of disasters that strike cities--and illustrates who may be left behind, and how building city resilience and social inclusion can work together. It is intended to stimulate thought and debate, and to lead the way for a more in-depth analysis of the problems and solutions, and towards more effective and sustainable city resilience.

City Development Strategies --- Climate Change --- Community-Driven Development --- Environment --- Flood Control --- Floods --- Gender --- Hazard Risk Management --- Infrastructure --- Natural Disasters --- Risk Management --- Social Inclusion --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment --- Urban Governance and Management --- Water Resources

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The report reviews a vast body of literature to present a "thinking device" that visualizes water as an asset, a service, and a "space." It shows water as an arena where gender relations play out in ways that often mirror inequalities between the sexes. And it examines norms and practices related to water that often exacerbate ingrained gender and other hierarchies. Informal institutions, taboos, rituals, and norms all play a part in maintaining these hierarchies and can even reinforce gender inequality. The report's key message is clear-interventions in water-related domains are important in and of themselves and for enhancing gender equality more broadly. The report discusses examples of initiatives that have had intended and unintended consequences for gender equality, and makes the important point that gender inequality does not always show up where we might expect.

Gender --- Gender and Economic Policy --- Gender and Social Policy --- Hygiene --- Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing --- Social Inclusion --- Water Economics --- Water Policy & Governance --- Water Resource Management --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Women

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The institutional landscape of local dispute resolution in Bangladesh is rich: it includes the traditional process of shalish, longstanding and impressive civil society efforts to improve on shalish, and a somewhat less-explored provision for gram adalat or village courts. Based on a nationally representative survey, qualitative evidence from focus groups, and a telephone survey of 40 Union Parishad chairpersons (a little less than 1 percent of the total Union Parishads), it provides both an empirical mapping of local conflict and justice and pointers to possible policy reforms. It suggests a number of opportunities for strengthening local justice and argues that the village courts may pose a useful bridge between Bangladesh's informal and formal justice institutions.

Gender and Law --- Judicial System Reform --- Justice --- Law and Development --- Legal Institutions of the Market Economy --- Legal Products --- Local conflict --- Local dispute resolution --- Policy reforms --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Qualitative evidence

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Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment for males and females. But unlike other countries that have undergone similar transitions, urban women's employment has refused to budge, never crossing the 25 percent mark. This paper fills a critical gap in policy research on women's employment in India. The discussion is situated in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered nature of caregiving in India. The analysis uses pooled data from six rounds of the National Sample Surveys to examine the effects of having a young child on mothers' employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The analysis also looks at household structure, and analyzes the effects of other household members on women's labor supply. The results show that although the onus of childbearing may have reduced, that of caregiving has increased. Having a young child in the home depresses mothers' employment, an inverse relationship that has intensified over time. Further, living in a household with older children and women over the age of 50 is positively associated with women's employment. These results show that the care of young children is an increasingly important issue in women's employment decisions, in a context where formal childcare is practically nonexistent. These results have significant implications for policy to raise women's labor force participation in India.

Child Bearing --- Childcare --- Depression --- Employment --- Fertility Rates --- Healthcare --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Income Group --- Incomes --- Living Standards --- Motherhood --- National Surveys --- Risks --- Salary --- Wages --- Women