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Przedstawione w niniejszym opracowaniu uwagi pokazują złożoność i wielowymiarowość działań, określanych jako "środki aktywne". Obserwowany współcześnie renesans tej problematyki uwarunkowała ich kryzysotwórcza rola. Temat zasługuje na odrębne potraktowanie także z tego względu, że współczesne formy środków aktywnych są w ogromnej mierze oparte na schematach znanych i opisanych w przeszłości. Historyczna perspektywa może przyczynić się do ich zdiagnozowania oraz zidentyfikowania ich niejawnych mechanizmów. Obecne problemy z agresywnymi działaniami rosyjskich służb specjalnych są zarazem wzmocnioną wersją starych, do czego przyczyniły się nowe technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne.W tekście podjęto próbę doprecyzowania tego historycznego pojęcia, pokazano instytucjonalne ramy działań informacyjno-dywersyjnych, innowacje koncepcyjne i organizacyjne po zimnej wojnie, a także zasygnalizowano współczesne wyzwania oraz sposoby ich identyfikacji.

Intelligence service

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In this text, I will examine the main trains of thought in the narrative of the historical memory of the Russian Federation's special services, which demonstrate the attempts to reconcile the traditions of the Tsarist-era services with those of the Soviet services. I will proceed from the assumption that the history of the special services is part of the history of the state apparatus, and more broadly, of the state's political systems. In this context, the work of Russian historiographers focuses not only on combining these two, in many respects contradictory identities of Russia - the Tsarist and the totalitarian - but above all on the creation of parallels between the historical and contemporary situations. This is because the historical legitimisation of the services is an important factor that gives legal validity to the current ruling elite, whose roots largely lie in the KGB, and which operates under the conditions of a new system of governance based on state capitalism.

Secret service. --- Politics and government. --- Intelligence service.

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Russia’s Cossacks evoke extreme opinions among observers: some see them as a marginal social phenomenon, a kind of political folklore; others as a morally and physically healthy part of the nation, a pillar of the modern paramilitary formations which defend the national and cultural borders of the Russian Federation. This text is an attempt to interpret this issue in terms of a socio-political process, which has resulted in the transformation of a spontaneous, bottom-up movement into one monitored and directed from the top down. Regardless of this fundamental change, the Cossacks (or more specifically, the ‘neo-Cossacks’) still define themselves as a cultural and historical community, with the aid of such characteristics as a defensive, pro-state mentality, a militarised lifestyle and service to the state, the Orthodox religion, and their distinct traditions and customs. The first part of this analysis examines the official narrative of neo-Cossackdom through the prism of key concepts. These (the Cossack state, the Cossack register, registered Cossacks, the Cossack state service) carry a large dose of misinformation, because they have been torn out of their historical context and placed in today’s Russian realities. The second part is devoted to Russia’s strategic policy objectives regarding the neo-Cossacks, and the organisational system set up to implement this policy. The text closes with a list of the functions assigned to the Cossacks, i.e. the long-term interests of the Kremlin linked to them.

Conservatism --- Political culture --- Nationalism --- History. --- Russia (Federation) --- Politics and government --- Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Governance --- Public Administration --- Public Law

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By highlighting informational threats and giving them a military dimension, the authors of the Russian Federation's military doctrine have outlined the concept of information warfare. It is a kind of combat conducted by both conventional and indirect methods, open and concealed, using military and civilian structures. It has two dimensions: broader ("non-nuclear containment", i.e. combat waged on various levels - political, economic, diplomatic, humanitarian, military) and narrower (as an element supporting of action). // An analysis of these issues enables us to identify several rising trends over the period 2000-2014 in Russian security policy. These boil down to a blurring of the boundaries between internal and external threats, introducing non-military methods and organisational structures to armed combat, and conferring an ideological character on this combat. This leads to a blurring of the contours of inter-state conflicts, which allows Russia to take part in armed conflicts in which it is not officially a party.

Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Security and defense --- Military policy --- Russia (Federation) --- Military policy.

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The establishment of the Federal Service of the National Guard Forces of the Russian Federation (FSWGN) fits in the tradition of the Russian security services. One of ist important elements are periodic reorganization, name and structure changes and management staff to restart the bodies. In contrast to radical changes in the past - the creation of the FSWGN, i.e. the Rosguard (this abbreviation is also used in official documents), was an evolutionary move which had been announced for many years under the modernization of internal troops and improvement of their effectiveness. From the texts in federal legislation and presidential decrees regulating the activities of the new force, and above all the information campaign accompanying its creation, it can be assumed that the introduced changes are of technical nature. The statutory tasks of the Rosguard are not much different from those assigned to internal troops and police formations. // The purpose of this text is to try to answer the questions about the FSWGN a spart of Russia's military organization and operational machine, and what is its organizational and personnel profile - more police or military. It was made on the basis of an analysis of the legal grounds for functioning Rosguard, its official documents, reports and reports posted on the FSWGN website, as well as media reports about it.

Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Social Sciences --- Sociology --- Security and defense --- Social Norms / Social Control --- Penal Policy --- Russia (Federation).