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Matière et lumière sont intimement liées dans notre modélisation du monde physique. De l’élaboration de la théorie quantique à l’invention du laser, l’interaction entre atomes et rayonnement a joué un rôle central dans le développement de la science et de la technologie d’aujourd’hui. La maîtrise de cette interaction permet désormais d’atteindre les plus basses températures jamais mesurées. Le refroidissement de gaz d’atomes par la lumière d’un laser conduit à une « matière quantique » aux propriétés radicalement différentes des fluides ordinaires. Ces atomes froids sont à la base d’une nouvelle métrologie du temps et de l’espace, qui trouve des applications dans des domaines aussi divers que la navigation, les télécommunications ou encore la géophysique.

Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Atoms. --- Radiation. --- Radiology --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Constitution --- physique atomique --- laser --- rayonnement --- physique --- atome --- temps --- lumière --- optique

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The Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions is one of the tested theories in physics. This book presents a collection of lectures given in August 2005 at the Les Houches Summer School on Particle Physics beyond the Standard Model. It provides a pedagogical introduction to the aspects of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.

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There has been recently some interdisciplinary convergence on a number of precise topics which can be considered as prototypes of complex systems. This convergence is best appreciated at the level of the techniques needed to deal with these systems, which include: 1) A domain of research around a multiple point where statistical physics, information theory, algorithmic computer science, and more theoretical (probabilistic) computer science meet: this covers some aspects of error correcting codes, stochastic optimization algorithms, typical case complexity and phase transitions, constraint satisfaction problems. 2) The study of collective behavior of interacting agents, its impact on understanding some types of economical and financial problems, their link to population and epidemics dynamics, game theory, social, biological and computer networks and evolution. The present book is the written version of the lectures given during the Les Houches summer school session on "Complex Systems", devoted to these emerging interdisciplinary fields. The lectures consist both in a number of long methodological courses (probability theory, statistical physics of disordered systems, information theory, network structure and evolution, agent-based economics and numerical methods) and more specific, 'problem oriented' courses. Lecturers are all leading experts in their field; they have summarized recent results in a clear and authoritative manner. The "Les Houches lecture notes" have a long tradition of excellence and are often found to be useful for a number of years after they were written. The book is of interest to students and researchers with various backgrounds: probability theory, computer science, information theory, physics, finance, biology, etc. Topical and comprehensive survey of the emerging, interdisciplinary field of "Complex Systems", covered by recognized world experts "Les Houches lectures notes": a long tradition of excellence and long-lasting impact Of interest to a broad audience (mathematics, physics, biology, informatics, finance, geology, etc.) Some applications may have concrete impact Selected topics in complex systems: forefront of research in the field.

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The Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions is one of the best tested theories in physics. It has been found to be in remarkable agreement with experiment, and its validity at the quantum level has been successfully probed in the electroweak sector. In spite of its experimental successes, though, the Standard Model suffers from a number of limitations, and is likely to be an incomplete theory. It contains many arbitrary parameters; it does not include gravity, the fourth elementary interaction; it does not provide an explanation for the hierarchy between the scale of electrowea

Nuclear astrophysics. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear astrophysics --- Research --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics