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"The share of urban population in Brazil increased from 58 to 80 percent between 1970 and 2000 and all net population growth over the next 30 years is predicted to be in cities. This paper explores population growth and its implications for economic dynamics and income generation among 123 urban agglomerations. Incomes are higher in larger agglomerations and in the South, but there is some indication of regional convergence with higher rates of income growth in poorer areas. In particular, agglomerations in the North and Central-West are growing faster than the more established urban centers in the South. Economic dynamics point to a process of increased diversification among larger cities, and greater specialization among medium-sized agglomerations. In bigger centers there is a trend toward deconcentration toward the periphery. The paper provides a simple analysis of correlates of labor supply, as measured by population growth and economic productivity, which is proxied by changes in per capita income. "--World Bank web site.

Cities and towns --- Urbanization --- History --- Brazil --- Population

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This paper provides evidence of the causal impact of oil discoveries on development. Novel data on the drilling of 20,000 oil wells in Brazil allows us to exploit a quasi-experiment: Municipalities where oil was discovered constitute the treatment group, while municipalities with drilling but no discovery are the control group. The results show that oil discoveries significantly increase per capita GDP and urbanization. We find positive spillovers to non-oil sectors, specifically, an increase in services GDP which stems from higher output per worker. The results are consistent with greater local demand for non-tradable services driven by highly paid oil workers.

Petroleum --- Economic development --- Urbanization --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Coal-oil --- Crude oil --- Oil --- Caustobioliths --- Mineral oils --- Prospecting --- Investments: Energy --- Industries: Energy --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Industries: Service --- Natural Resources --- Economic Development: Agriculture --- Energy --- Environment --- Other Primary Products --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Energy: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Industry Studies: Services: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Investment & securities --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Environmental management --- Manufacturing industries --- Oil production --- Natural resources --- Services sector --- Manufacturing --- Commodities --- Production --- Economic sectors --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Service industries --- Brazil

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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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"The authors examine the determinants of Brazilian city growth between 1970 and 2000. They consider a model of a city that combines aspects of standard urban economics and the new economic geography literatures. For the empirical analysis, the authors construct a dataset of 123 Brazilian agglomerations and estimate aspects of the demand and supply side, as well as a reduced form specification that describes city sizes and their growth. Their main findings are that increases in rural population supply, improvements in interregional transport connectivity, and education attainment of the labor force have strong impacts on city growth. They also find that local crime and violence, measured by homicide rates, impinge on growth. In contrast, a higher share of private sector industrial capital in the local economy stimulates growth. Using the residuals from the growth estimation, the authors also find that cities that better administer local land use and zoning laws have higher growth. Finally, their policy simulations show that diverting transport investments from large cities toward secondary cities does not provide significant gains in terms of national urban performance. "--World Bank web site.