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Cardinals occupied a unique place in the world of early modern Europe, their distinctive red hats the visible signs not only of impressive careers at the highest rank the pope could bestow, but also of their high social status and political influence on an international scale. Appointed for life, these princes of the Church played a key role in the dramatic events of a period in which both the power and the authority of the papacy were challenged. Cardinals crossed the ambiguous boundaries then existing between religious and secular power. Granted unparalleled access to Church and private property, they spent considerable time, money, and effort on making the best collections of art and antiquities. Some commissioned artworks in churches that advertised their monastic or national connections, while others took Rome and the papacy abroad to enrich their own cities and countries. But theirs was a precarious dignity: while cardinals could thrive during one papacy, they could suddenly fall from power during the next. The new research represented by the sixteen case studies in The Possessions of a Cardinal reveals how cardinals used their vulnerable position and spent their often substantial wealth on personal and religious interests. As a result, the tensions inherent in their position between the spiritual and the worldly are underscored.

Art --- patronage --- collecting, Italy --- cardinals [prelates] --- John II Casimir --- Farnese, Odoardo --- Piccolomini, Francesco Todeschini --- Medici, de', Giovanni --- Barberini, Antonio --- Massimo, Camillo --- Guillaume d'Estouteville --- Rangone, Gabriele --- Carafa, Oliviero --- Dovizi da Bibbiena, Bernardo --- Borromeo, Charles --- Patrizi [Family] --- Este, d', Ippolito --- Clement VII [Pope] --- Borromeo, Federico --- Italy