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In sommige milieus wordt seksuele diversiteit makkelijker aanvaard dan in andere. De sportwereld blijft op dat vlak een moeilijk veld. Want als bijvoorbeeld een mannelijke atleet zich als vrouw identificeert, waar moet zij dan haar sport uitoefenen? Wat is fair? Wat is ethisch? In dit boek bundelen uroloog Piet Hoebeke en voetbalster Imke Courtois hun krachten om meer inzicht te bieden in seksuele diversiteit in de sport. Vanuit medisch én atletisch perspectief belichten ze uitdagingen, triomfen en inspirerende verhalen van sporters van alle achtergronden. Daarmee schreven ze een must-read voor coaches, atleten en iedereen die gelooft in een inclusieve (sport)wereld. Verrijk je begrip, doorbreek taboes en omarm diversiteit op en naast het veld.https://www.standaardboekhandel.be/p/gender-goals-9789464987584

Sport --- Seksuele identiteit --- Genderidentiteit --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- sportsociologie --- sport --- gender --- diversiteit --- Sociology of sport --- Social medicine

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Different breathing techniques have a long history as ways to improve health, and are widely used in different health care contexts. Slow deep breathing (SDB) in particular, a breathing technique with fewer breaths per minute than regular breathing, is commonly used to decrease pain. However, some studies did not find this effect. Dead space, induced by the use of a breathing mask, can possibly cancel out this effect by increasing ventilation, CO2 retention and arousal. In addition, working mechanisms remain unclear. The activation of baroreceptors is a possible underlying mechanism. However, the evidence is inconsistent. The current study investigated the effect of SDB on self-reported pain and on cardiovascular parameters, namely root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). We investigated the effect of dead space, induced by a breathing mask, on both self-reported pain and physiological parameters. Finally, we explored the effect of expectancy and perceived comfort during breathing manipulation. We expected SDB to trigger baroreflex activation and therefore we expected an increase in BRS and RMSSD during SDB in comparison with normal paced breathing (NPB). Next, we expected lower pain scores during SDB in comparison with pain scores during NPB. In addition, we expected lower pain scores during SDB in participants who expected SDB to be more pain dampening in comparison with NPB and expected higher perceived comfort during SDB in comparison with NPB. Lastly, we expected both RMSSD and BRS to decrease while breathing through a respiratory circuitry. Given the expected correlation of BRS with self-reported pain, we also expected the use of a respiratory circuitry to have an effect on pain scores. This study started with a baseline measure; different physiological outcomes were measured such as cardiac activity, blood pressure (BP), and breathing pattern. Next, a calibration phase was implemented to identify a personal mild pain threshold and moderate to severe pain threshold for each participant. Thereafter, two experimental runs followed. The first run consisted of two breathing blocks, one with NPB and one with SDB and was without pain induction. The second run consisted of four breathing blocks, two SDB and two NPB blocks, and was with pain induction. Participants wore a face mask during two of the four blocks. All breathing blocks were counterbalanced to avoid order effects. In contrary with what was expected, results did not show decreased pain scores during SDB in comparison with pain scores during NPB. However, BRS and RMSSD did increase during SDB in comparison with NPB. Participants who expected SDB to be more pain dampening in comparison with NPB, reported lower pain scores during SDB. Participants experienced SDB as more comfortable. Contrary to what was expected, breathing through a breathing mask did not decrease BRS or RMSSD and did not increase self-reported pain. In general, this study found no evidence for a general pain-dampening effects of SDB. However, participants that expected SDB to be more pain dampening also reported lower pain scores during SDB. Given the limitations and limited results, further research is designated. Additional factors such as expectancy, the presence of the dead space, and the effect of arousal in particular, warrant further research.

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Pain is a multidimensional experience and is the result of the dynamic interaction among physiological, psychological, and social factors. Several studies examined the biological and psychological dimension, but less research has focused on the social dimension. What we do know is that social support has an influence on the perception of pain. In particular, both active and passive support decreases the self-reported pain, regardless of whether the supportive person is a friend or a stranger. Since our social network nowadays, is mainly virtual, research should also be done on the virtual aspect of social contact and social support. So far, little is known about the influence of virtual social contact on the perception of pain. The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of virtual social contact on the perception of pain. To induce painful sensations, the cold pressor test (CPT) was used. Participants immersed both feet in a tank filled with cold water (6°Celsius) while social presence was manipulated. There were four counterbalanced conditions: in the virtual support condition (1), the participant performed the CPT while chatting with a supportive person using Facebook chat. In the physical support condition (2) the participant performed the CPT while interacting with a supportive person that was physically present in the same room. In the virtual stranger condition (3), the CPT was done while chatting with a stranger using Facebook chat, and in the control condition (4) the CPT was performed alone without anybody else being physically or virtually present. Pain intensity, pain unpleasantness and threat of pain were examined using self-reports. Pain tolerance was measured as the total time participant’s feet were immersed in cold water. Furthermore, facial pain expressions were recorded and heart rate was measured. We expected that social support, from a supportive person or a stranger, and both physical and virtual, would decrease the pain intensity, pain unpleasantness and threat of pain. In particular, we assumed that participants reported less pain when a supportive person would be present, followed by the virtual presence of the same supportive person, the virtual presence of a stranger and the physical and virtual absence of a (supportive) person. Furthermore, we expected that both the physical and virtual presence of a supportive person and the virtual presence of a stranger would increase the pain tolerance. Results indicated that physical social contact of a supportive person and virtual social contact, both of a supportive person and a stranger, has an influence on the pain unpleasantness. Furthermore, we observed that there was an increase in pain tolerance when participants were chatting with a stranger. Virtual social contact, just like social support, has an influence on the reported pain. However, it still has to be examined whether other factors (e.g., distraction) could account for the findings.

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Different disciplines in physical and mental health care use slow deep breathing for its hypoalgesic and relaxing effect. Some studies have demonstrated the hypoalgesic effect of slow deep breathing, while other studies failed to support its evidence. According to some studies, non-specific factors such as positive expectation about the effects of slow deep breathing could be a mechanism that elicits the hypoalgesic effect of slow deep breathing. This study investigated the role of expectancy on the hypoalgesic effect of slow deep breathing (SDB) by comparing it with normal paced breathing (NPB) in healthy participants. Expectancy was experimentally manipulated by verbal suggestions (instructional learning) and classical conditioning. In a two-by-two factorial design, 100 healthy female participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions: positive expectation - SDB, no expectation - SDB, positive expectation – NPB, no expectation – NPB. Self-reported pain intensity was the primary outcome. Our study consisted of different phases. First, there was a baseline measurement in which we measured the heart rate, spontaneous breathing rate, and the blood pressure. Second, we calibrated the electrocutaneous stimuli for each participant. We aimed for a stimuli intensity which the participant rated as the highest intensity she can tolerate with some effort. Third, there was an expectancy manipulation phase with verbal instructions supported by either a series of 10 electrocutaneous stimuli with gradually decreasing intensities, or 10 electrocutaneous stimuli with the same intensities. Lastly, in the test phase, all participants received 10 electrocutaneous stimuli with identical intensities. We predicted SDB leading to lower pain as compared to NPB, and that this effect was amplified when positive expectations were induced. Despite the successful experimental induction of expectancy about the hypoalgesic effect of breathing, we could not find any evidence for a hypoalgesic effect of SDB. Moreover, the induction of a positive expectancy had no significant effect on reported pain. Further research about the role of relaxation and stress in the hypoalgesic effect of SDB regarding distraction, outcome expectancy, self- efficacy expectancy, sex difference, age categories, and types of pain is recommended.