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Current measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains are not consistent with the law of diminishing returns. This paper proposes new measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains that are consistent with the law of diminishing returns, based on a methodology that gives more significance to greater income gaps, and more importance to the experience of the poorest individuals within the fiscal system. The new indicators are decomposable and cover the incidence, intensity, and severity of fiscal impoverishment and gains. An empirical illustration using the 2014 household consumption data reveals that, overall, in Niger the fiscal system is improving the welfare of the population: only 33.2 percent of the population has become poorer due to the fiscal system, while the remaining 66.8 percent has become richer because of it. Moreover, the mean relative fiscal loss (0.014), is 11 percent lower than the mean relative fiscal gain (0.126).
Diminishing Returns --- Economic Adjustment and Lending --- Education for All --- Educational Populations --- Fiscal Gains --- Fiscal Impoverishment --- Fiscal Losses --- Food Security --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Welfare
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This study assesses the redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger. Fiscal policy is poverty increasing in Mali (by 2.4 percentage points) and Niger (2.5 percentage points). This is a result of primarily two factors: indirect taxes (value-added taxes and import duties) and direct fiscal transfers. Although the richest people in Mali and Niger pay the majority of indirect taxes, the poorest people pay a nonnegligible amount (more than 8 and 10 percent for the bottom three deciles, respectively). Although existing direct fiscal transfers have poverty-reducing effects, they are too small (Mali) or not well targeted (Niger).
Direct Transfer --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Incidence --- Fiscal Policy --- Income Redistribution --- Indirect Tax --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics And Economic Growth --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Sector Development --- Social Spending --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies
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Up to February 2020, Chad's economy continued its gradual, but mild recovery, supported by a substantial increase in oil and agriculture production. Since March 2020, like in the rest of the world, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed Chad's macroeconomic outlook. Chad's economic prospects have not only been clouded, but they remain subject to considerable downside risks. To mitigate the negative impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Chad, the authorities announced economic and social measures to support households and private companies in recent months. The authorities are to continue to strengthen some measures already taken while introducing new measures to protect lives, livelihoods, and the future.
Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Debt Restructuring --- Economic Growth --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Inequality --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Monetary Policy --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction
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We propose a new specification test to assess the validity of the judge leniency design. We characterize a set of sharp testable implications, which exploit all the relevant information in the observed data distribution to detect violations of the judge leniency design assumptions. The proposed sharp test is asymptotically valid and consistent and will not make discordant recommendations. When the judge's leniency design assumptions are rejected, we propose a way to salvage the model using partial monotonicity and exclusion assumptions, under which a variant of the Local Instrumental Variable (LIV) estimand can recover the Marginal Treatment Effect. Simulation studies show our test outperforms existing non-sharp tests by significant margins. We apply our test to assess the validity of the judge leniency design using data from Stevenson (2018), and it rejects the validity for three crime categories: robbery, drug selling, and drug possession.
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