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In the past two decades, the global population of forcibly displaced people has more than doubled, from 34 million in 1997 to 71 million in 2018. Amid this growing crisis, refugees and the organizations that assist them have turned to technology as an important resource, and technology can and should play an important role in solving problems in humanitarian settings. In this report, the authors analyze technology uses, needs, and gaps, as well as opportunities for better using technology to help displaced people and improving the operations of responding agencies. The authors also examine inherent ethical, security, and privacy considerations; explore barriers to the successful deployment of technology; and outline some tools for building a more systematic approach to such deployment. The study approach included a literature review, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and focus groups with displaced people in Colombia, Greece, Jordan, and the United States. The authors provide several recommendations for more strategically using and developing technology in humanitarian settings.

Digital divide. --- Refugees --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Aliens --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Divide, Digital --- GDD (Global digital divide) --- Global digital divide --- Information society --- Services for.

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The Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC®) is one of multiple measures that the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) introduced to enhance security at U.S. ports. Anyone with unescorted access to a secure area at an MTSA-regulated facility, vessel, or outer continental shelf (OCS) facility must have a TWIC. Congress established TWIC to help prevent transportation security incidents. TWIC's primary function is to establish that the holder has passed a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) security threat assessment (STA); the TWIC card can also serve as identification. Each secure area at each regulated location must maintain an access control program and verify three things at every access point: identity, presence and validity of the TWIC card, and whether the person has a business purpose at that facility. Currently, facilities are required only to conduct visual verification of the TWIC card, either at each time of entry or at time of enrollment into a facility physical access control system (PACS). A pending regulation, which we call the TWIC-reader rule, would require that any high-risk facility electronically inspect the card and, using biometrics, match it to the holder. The governing legislation requires that an assessment of TWIC determine the program's value in mitigating the risk of terrorism and crime at ports. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security commissioned the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center to complete that comprehensive assessment. In this report, the authors establish factors that increase or decrease TWIC's security value and determine what TWIC's value would need to be to offset the costs of establishing further access control requirements for facilities.

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The Syrian Civil War has displaced 60 percent of the country's population. Six million refugees live in neighboring countries in the Middle East. Such a large refugee influx has been a severe strain to these countries' labor markets, public services, and social cohesion. This RAND report examines the problems of and opportunities for the labor market for displaced Syrians in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. The authors used multiple methods: interviews with stakeholders, focus groups with Syrian and host country workers, in-depth interviews with firms, and surveys of firms and Syrian households. The existing skill sets of the Syrians are compared to the needs of each country's labor market; and the steps needed to improve the overall economic climate and strategies for preserving and improving social cohesion of refugees and host communities are examined. Each country has its specific challenges. For example, in Turkey a key barrier for the refugees was the ability to speak the language. In Jordan and Lebanon, the existing economic slowdowns and lack of jobs were exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. Working legally was a challenge in all countries. The authors conclude with recommendations tailored to each country. Some of these include offering language classes (in the case of Turkey); assessing geographic areas where jobs are needed and enabling migrants to move to these regions; improving each country's worker certification process so that qualified migrants can get jobs within their area of expertise; investing in infrastructure projects and better training courses; and improving the business environment for all.

Political refugees --- Refugees --- Employment --- Social conditions. --- Middle East.

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Changes in employment stability, family structure, and economic pressures since the development of the U.S. military reserve component (RC) in the twentieth century have created challenges and opportunities for how the RC is used. Sustaining an operational RC demands committed reservists and guardsmen, and since, at present, the population is not meeting that demand under traditional models, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has begun to look for ways to access and retain ready participants under alternative programs. Modified assumptions about Reserve duty have the potential to improve RC member recruitment, performance, development, and retention in critical occupational fields — and it could stem projected manpower losses or provide alternative service options in fields with highly competitive civilian industries. The research team employs an iterative, qualitative analytical process to develop a list of possible workforce constructs aimed at enhancing innovation in U.S. military personnel processes. The findings in this report will be relevant and applicable primarily to U.S. military leaders and U.S. government policymakers. The authors provide specific recommendations and more general analysis that will be immediately applicable in developing and administering programs to facilitate access to civilian human capital to help meet DoD's most pressing requirements. This research will also be applicable to broader U.S. academic and policymaking communities that seek to understand how organizations are adapting to changes in the workforce and labor market.

United States. --- Personnel management. --- United States --- États-Unis --- Armed Forces --- Reserves --- Recruiting, enlistment, etc. --- Pay, allowances, etc. --- Occupational specialties. --- Forces armées --- Spécialités.