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This paper assesses and measures regulatory governance in 21 infrastructure regulators in Brazil. Regulatory Governance is decomposed into four main attributes: autonomy; decision-rules; means and tools; and accountability. A ranking is proposed and the main areas for improvement identified. A comparison of the proposed regulatory governance index and other indexes internationally available is performed. Section 2 sets up the analytical framework for the report, identifying key components of regulatory governance, namely, autonomy (political and financial), procedures for decision-making, tool

Capital --- Industrial economics --- Brazil --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Independent regulatory commissions --- Public utilities --- Law and legislation --- Commissions, Independent regulatory --- Commissions of the federal government --- Independent administrative agencies --- Independent agencies --- Quasi-judicial agencies --- Regulatory agencies --- Regulatory commissions --- Administrative agencies --- Administrative law --- Insurance commissioners

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Two sources of growth are firm learning and innovation. Using a unique panel data for 1,686 firms in six countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Turkey), this paper applies panel data estimators and Juhn-Murphy Pierce decomposition in order to identify the effects of the global economic crisis on sales growth of innovative and young enterprises in Eastern European countries. The results show that innovative and young firms were significantly more affected by the crisis than non innovative and older enterprises. The authors interpret these results as an indication that the achievement of pre-crisis growth rates in those countries may be difficult.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Annual growth --- Annual growth rate --- Business environment --- Corporate growth --- E-Business --- Economic Growth --- Economic growth --- Employment --- Entrepreneurship --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Financial Sector --- Firm size --- Firms --- Growth performance --- Growth prospects --- Growth rate --- Growth rates --- Human capital --- Industry --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Merger --- Microfinance --- Negative impact --- Policy Research --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Small Scale Enterprise

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Many studies have shown that firm growth decreases monotonically with size and age. In this study, the authors investigate employment growth of firms in Turkey with an emphasis on small and medium size enterprises. In Turkey, small and medium size enterprises account for almost 77 percent of employment and play a crucial role in the economy. However, the analysis of firm dynamics in Turkey shows that medium-size firms (51-250 workers) are the slowest growing group in the economy. Moreover, small and medium size enterprises grow at a slower rate in Turkey than in several comparator countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region. After determining this irregularity, the paper analyzes how the investment climate affects firm growth and finds that improved access to finance is the most important factor that significantly increases firm growth rates.

Access to Finance --- Achieving Shared Growth --- Business environment --- Credit Line --- Emerging Markets --- Employment --- Expansion --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial institution --- Financial institutions --- Firm size --- Firms --- Human capital --- Industry --- Job creation --- Lenders --- Licensing --- Loan --- Medium Enterprises --- Medium Scale Enterprises --- Medium size enterprises --- Microfinance --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Small firms --- Small Scale Enterprise --- SME --- SME sector --- Suppliers

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The report examines recent trends in Croatia's in trade, productivity, innovation performance and policy governance framework, to help identify priorities for the development of the country's Smart Specialization Strategy, which is an ex-ante conditionality for access to the EU's Structural and Investment Funds over the 2014-20 programming period.

Croatia--Economic conditions. --- Croatia--Economic policy. --- Economic policy. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Croatia --- Economic conditions. --- Narodna Republika Hrvatska --- Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska --- SRH --- Hrvatska --- S.R.H. --- Kroatien --- SR Hrvatska --- SR Croatia --- People's Republic of Croatia --- Croazia --- Socialist Republic of Croatia --- NR Hrvatska --- Khorvatii︠a︡ --- Ḳroʼeṭyah --- Horvátország --- Repubblica di Croazia --- קרואטיה --- クロアチア --- Kuroachia --- クロアチア独立国 --- Kuroachia Dokuritsukoku --- Croatia (Republic : 1941-1945)

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The authors apply a Heckman selection model to the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) to investigate supply-side constraints to export performance at the firm level in Ecuador. To correct for the non-random truncation problems, they use the Heckman selection model to estimate the probability of exporting (export propensity) and the share of total sales that are exported (export intensity) by Ecuadorian firms. They develop a baseline model with 12 independent variables divided into three categories-idiosyncratic characteristics, technology, and business environment. The authors develop three other models with the addition of variables related to trade integration, business environment, and infrastructure. Results corroborate with the hypothesis implicit in the Heckman model, which considers both decisions made by a firm-whether to export, and how much of its sales to export-to be interdependent. In the Ecuadorian case, they find three important results for the firm's export performance: technology matters; infrastructure does not; and trade orientation is significant, with specialized firms tending to have smaller export intensity when their main trade partners are countries of the Andean Community, and the opposite happening if the United States is their main trade partner. The authors find a robust and stable relationship for export propensity and intensity with size, import of inputs, labor regulations, in-house research and development, quality certification, web-use, and foreign ownership. Also, capacity utilization and trade with the United States positively affect export intensity, while trade within the Andean Community has the opposite effect in the outcome variable. But they find no significant relationship for the infrastructure variables.

Business Environment --- Competitors --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Dominant Firms --- E-Business --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Employment --- Enterprises --- Entrepreneurs --- Expansion --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Firm --- Firm Size --- Firms --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Foreign Market --- Foreign Markets --- Free Trade --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market --- Markets --- Microfinance --- Parties --- Partner --- Partners --- Private Participation in Infrastructure --- Private Sector Development --- See --- Small Firms --- Small Scale Enterprises --- Trade Law