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Les cosmographes sont les nouveaux explorateurs. Ils étudient la structure de l'univers et comment s'agencent et évoluent les galaxies qui le constituent. C'est ainsi qu'a été révélée en 2014 la première carte dynamique moderne de l'univers, avec ses zones vides et ses immenses "continents" extragalactiques. Hélène Courtois, astrophysicienne passionnée, nous fait découvrir sa quête pour cartographier le cosmos. Elle a couru les plus grands télescopes du monde afin de mesurer la lueur de milliers de galaxies et en déduire les distances qui les séparent ainsi que leurs effets gravitationnels. Ces données ont ensuite été traitées et analysées, pour obtenir finalement une image en volume du superamas auquel appartient notre Voie lactée, continent extragalactique de 500 millions d'années-lumière de largeur baptisé "Laniakea".

Galaxies --- Cosmology --- Univers --- Univers.

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Our knowledge of the Milky Way has been deeply renewed since a dozen years, following the results of the astrometric satellite HIPPARCOS, and those of large stellar surveys. Many concepts thought to be well established disappeared, to be replaced by others going towards a larger complexity: in particular, the discovery of radial migrations of stars has blurred the simple image that we had of the Galactic disk. There has been large progress in some domains, for instance the physics of the Galactic Center with its super-massive black hole; other problems remain unsolved, such as the nature of the dark matter existing like a halo around our Galaxy. This book reviews our present knowledge of the Milky Way, in the simplest and most didactic way as possible. Basic notions are always recalled, which make the book accessible to readers without any advanced formation in astronomy. This basic work will be very helpful to understand the results expected from GAIA, the new ESA astrometric satellite launched on December 19, 2013.

Galaxies --- Milky Way.

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Interstellar hydrogen

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Almost all galaxies host in their center a supermassive black hole of mass between a million and tens of billions solar masses. Supermassive black holes grow in symbiosis with their host galaxies across the Hubble time, occasionally accreting surround matter, giving rise to an Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). This book gives a general review of our current knowledge of AGN, powered by supermassive black holes: how they are fueled by gas (or stars) and what problems are encountered; how can we account for the wide variety of AGN, from Seyfert/Liners to quasars, and for the two types (AGN 1 and 2) either through dust obscuration, and geometrical orientation arguments, or through intrinsic activity difference, qualitative or quantitative.

Active galactic nuclei. --- Galaxies & stars. --- AAS: Galaxies and Cosmology.