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Neurons share more similarities with insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells than with any other cell type. The root of this similarity may lie in the islet’s evolution from an ancestral insulin-producing neuron. The islet-neuron connection becomes less surprising as we learn more about insulin’s involvement in functions far from its traditional role in mediating glucose uptake in muscle. The importance of insulin in the regulation of corporal aging has been established by the dramatic increases in longevity experienced by animals in which the adipose insulin receptor has been genetically eliminated, or in which the insulin-related daf genes have been mutated. New research suggests that, analogous to its influence on corporal aging, insulin also makes important contributions to brain aging and the expression of late-life neurodegenerative disease. Insulin plays a key role in cognition and other aspects of normal brain function. Insulin resistance induces chronic peripheral insulin elevations and is associated with reduced insulin activity both in periphery and brain. The insulin resistance syndrome underlies conditions such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, which are associated with age-related cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. This book discusses the mechanisms through which insulin dysregulation contributes to the development of cognitive impairment and late-life neurodegenerative disease. Given the recent pandemic of conditions associated with insulin resistance, it is imperative that we achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms through which insulin resistance affects brain function in order to develop therapeutic strategies to address these effects.

Aged -- Congresses. --- Alzheimer's disease -- Endocrine aspects -- Congresses. --- Diabetes -- Complications -- Congresses. --- Insulin -- physiology -- Congresses. --- Adult --- Diabetes Mellitus --- Dementia --- Publication Formats --- Proinsulin --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Tauopathies --- Alzheimer Disease --- Insulin --- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 --- Aged --- Physiology --- Congresses --- Glucose Metabolism Disorders --- Publication Characteristics --- Pancreatic Hormones --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Age Groups --- Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders --- Brain Diseases --- Endocrine System Diseases --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Metabolic Diseases --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Peptide Hormones --- Nervous System Diseases --- Mental Disorders --- Diseases --- Persons --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Named Groups --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Hormones --- Peptides --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Medicine --- Neurology --- Clinical Endocrinology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Diabetes --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Treatment. --- Alzheimer disease --- Alzheimer's dementia --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Endocrinology. --- Geriatrics. --- Biomedicine. --- Geriatrics/Gerontology. --- Basal ganglia --- Presenile dementia --- Senile dementia

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The discovery of microRNAs has revealed an unexpected and spectacular additional level of fine tuning of the genome and how genes are used again and again in different combinations to generate the complexity that underlies for instance the brain. Since the initial studies performed in C.elegans, we have gone a far way to begin to understand how microRNA pathways can have an impact on health and disease in human. Although microRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, relatively little is known about the multiple functions of these RNA molecules in the nervous system. Nevertheless, we know already that microRNA pathways play major roles in the proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of neuronal cells. Several intriguing studies have linked microRNAs as major regulators of the neuronal phenotype, and have implicated specific microRNAs in the regulation of synapse formation and plasticity. Dysfunction of microRNA pathways is also slowly emerging as a potential important contributor to the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. These novel insights appear to be particular promising for the understanding of the very frequent and badly understood sporadic forms of these diseases as compared to the genetic forms. Thus, the better understanding of the implications of this novel field of molecular biology is crucial for the broad area of neurosciences, from the fundamental aspects to the clinic, and from novel diagnostic to potentially therapeutic applications for severe neurological and maybe psychiatric diseases.

Genetic regulation. --- Molecular neurobiology. --- Neural transmission -- Disorders -- Gene therapy. --- Neural transmission -- Disorders -- Genetic aspects. --- Small interfering RNA. --- Small interfering RNA --- Molecular neurobiology --- Genetic regulation --- Neural transmission --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Synaptic Transmission --- Gene Therapy --- Genetics --- MicroRNAs --- Congresses --- Signal Transduction --- RNA, Antisense --- Publication Formats --- Nervous System Diseases --- Biological Therapy --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Electrophysiological Processes --- Biology --- RNA, Small Untranslated --- Genetic Engineering --- Physiological Processes --- Publication Characteristics --- RNA, Untranslated --- Biochemical Processes --- Diseases --- Genetic Techniques --- Antisense Elements (Genetics) --- Therapeutics --- Biological Science Disciplines --- RNA --- Electrophysiological Phenomena --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Investigative Techniques --- Chemical Processes --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Nucleic Acids --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Chemical Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Neurology --- Philology & Linguistics --- Animal Biochemistry --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Languages & Literatures --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Disorders --- Genetic aspects --- Gene therapy --- Genetic aspects. --- Gene therapy. --- Nerve transmission --- Nervous transmission --- Neurotransmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Transmission of nerve impulses --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Molecular neurology --- Nervous system --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Regulation --- Molecular aspects --- Medicine. --- Gene expression. --- Neurosciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Gene Expression. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Genes --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Expression --- Neural circuitry --- Neurophysiology --- Neurotransmitters --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- Molecular biology --- Neurobiology --- Antisense RNA