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This paper investigates the presence of endogenous peer effects in the adoption of formal property rights. Using data from a unique land titling experiment held in an unplanned settlement in Dar es Salaam, the analysis finds a strong, positive impact of neighbor adoption on the household's choice to purchase a land title. The paper also shows that this relationship holds in a separate, identical experiment held a year later in a nearby community, as well as in administrative data for more than 160,000 land parcels in the same city. Although the exact channel is undetermined, the evidence points toward complementarities in the reduction in expropriation risk, as peer effects are strongest between households living close to each other and there is some evidence that peer effects are strongest for households most concerned with expropriation. The results show that, within the Tanzanian context, households will reinforce each other's decisions to enter formal tenure systems.

Land Tenure --- Peer Effects --- Property Rights --- Technology Adoption --- Unplanned Settlements

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Popular music --- Radio stations --- Yugoslav War, 1991-1995 --- Political aspects --- Mass media and the war --- Music and the war --- Protest movements --- B92 (Radio station : Belgrade, Serbia)

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This paper examines the dynamic responses of income and poverty to increased investment in the human capital of new cohorts of workers, using a quantitative macroeconomic model with realistic demography. Compared to a baseline in which the rate of human capital investment currently observed in every country remains constant, the paper examines two alternative scenarios: one in which each country experiences a rate of growth of human capital investment that is typical of what was observed in the decade ending in 2015, and one in which each country raises human capital investment at a rate corresponding to the 75th percentile of what was observed in the data. In the former, world GDP per capita is 5 percent higher than baseline in the year 2050, while the global rate of USD 1.90 poverty is 0.7 percentage points lower in that year. In the latter, world GDP per capita is 12 percent higher than baseline in 2050, while the rate of USD 1.90 poverty drops by 1.4 percentage points. These gains are concentrated in poor countries. The paper argues in the context of our model that investing in people is more cost effective than investing in physical capital as a means to achieve specified income or poverty goals.

Early Child And Children's Health --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Education --- Education Spending --- Educational Sciences --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health, Nutrition And Population --- Human Capital --- Industrial Economics --- Inequality --- Nutrition --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Reproductive Health

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When Ecstasy was first mixed with house music sometime during the 1980s, the reaction triggered the most vibrant and diverse youth movement ever seen. The authors provide a history of the drug, and the culture and politics that surround it.

Rave culture --- Youth --- Popular music --- Ecstasy (Drug) --- History and criticism --- Great Britain --- Civilization --- Social conditions

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This paper reports on a randomized field experiment that uses price incentives to address economic and gender inequality in land tenure formalization. During the 1990s and 2000s, nearly two dozen African countries proposed de jure land reforms extending access to formal, freehold land tenure to millions of poor households. Many of these reforms stalled. Titled land remains the de facto preserve of wealthy households and, within households, men. Beginning in 2010, the study tested whether price instruments alone can generate greater inclusion by offering formal titles to residents of a low-income, unplanned settlement in Dar es Salaam at a range of subsidized prices, as well as additional price incentives to include women as owners or co-owners of household land. Estimated price elasticities of demand confirm that prices-rather than other implementation failures or features of the titling regime-are a key obstacle to broader inclusion in the land registry, and that some degree of pro-poor price discrimination is justified even from a narrow budgetary perspective. In terms of gender inequality, the study finds that even small price incentives for female co-titling achieve almost complete gender parity in land ownership with no reduction in demand.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Economic Theory & Research --- Field Experiment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Formalization --- Gender --- Land Titling --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets & Market Access --- Municipal Housing and Land --- Political Economy --- Urban Development