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This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to assess the economic cost of the sovereign risk finance instruments available to the Government of Ethiopia and its development partners for financing the shock-responsive scalability component of the Productive Safety Net Programme. The methodology involves: (i) specifying rules for when additional expenditures would be triggered in each woreda; (ii) specifying alternative risk finance strategies; and (iii) analyzing the costs of each risk financing strategy, including sensitivity and scenario testing of the results. The methodology is applied to a hypothetical set of rules for drought-responsive scalability, and a range of potential risk finance strategies.

Climate change economics --- Debt markets --- Finance and financial sector development --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Poverty reduction --- Rural poverty reduction

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Low levels of foundational literacy and numeracy skills in Kosovo limit the ability of young adults to develop the skills required for the labor market and to lead full and productive lives. It is well documented that early childhood development (ECD)in the first 1,000 days of life lays the foundation for a lifetime of positive outcomes in health, education, wellbeing, and labor market productivity. This period is proven to be sensitive for brain development and strengthening of the immune system. The brain grows faster during this period than any other time. Children missing appropriate health and nutrition, education, and nurturing care supports in these critical years may encounter long-term difficulties in learning and life outcomes. Evidence finds that those who fall behind early struggle to catch up, losing out on valuable higher education and human capital potential. Research confirms that efforts and investments to improve human capital outcomes must start in the earliest years and employ a multisectoral approach to help children survive and thrive. The aim of this situational analysis is to support the government of Kosovo in developing a comprehensive strategy and enabling environment that support the equitable expansion of quality ECD services. This report analyzes multi-sectoral services supporting ECD in Kosovo by taking a child growth and development approach from pregnancy to entry to primary school, around six years old.

Child Health --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood Development --- Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Literacy --- Nutrition --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Prenatal Care --- Reproductive Health --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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