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Bahai Faith --- History --- Middle East --- Religion --- 19th century --- Bahai Faith - History - 19th century. --- Middle East - Religion - 19th century. --- Bahai Faith - History - 19th century --- Middle East - Religion - 19th century --- Islam --- anno 1800-1899 --- the Muslim Middle East --- modernity --- the Baha'i faith --- millenarian movements --- Baha'u'llah --- Iran --- Middle Eastern society --- religious toleration --- democracy --- nationalism --- gender --- secularization --- warfare --- genocide --- xenophobia
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In this pioneering study of the Twelver Shi'i branch of Islam prevalent in Iraq and Iran, J. R. I. Cole traces the influence of Shi'i rule on the development of religious communalism and conflict in the North Indian State of Awadh (Oudh). He also examines the relationship of the Shi'i clergy to the state and the clerical reaction to British imperialism and capitalism. Based on research in rare manuscripts and in archives, the book reveals that the Shi'i clergy advocated policies that caused resentment among Sunnis and Hindus, thereby promoting religious communalism and setting the stage for modern communal conflict. The Shi'i learned men took government posts in support of Awadh's Shi'i nawabs and shahs Awadh state support, in turn, helped transform Shi'ism from a persecuted "sect" to a dominant, if still minority, religious establishment. Sociologically, the book draws attention to the specific role of the state in defining "sect" and "church." It also argues the importance of class divisions within the Shi'i community, showing that the dominant clerical ideology was often not accepted by the laboring strata. Cole's study supports the view that Muslim communalism in Northern India had genuine historical roots and was not simply an elite strategy of modern Muslim politicians. Contrary to the arguments of some writers and to the image projected by Iran's current ayatullahs, he claims that most Shi'i clergy did not play a role of opposition to the state.
Shīʻah --- Islam and state --- Shåi°ah --- Islam --- Religion --- Philosophy & Religion --- History. --- History --- Oudh (India) --- Ethnic relations. --- Religion. --- Mosque and state --- State and Islam --- Imamites --- Shia --- Shiism --- Twelvers (Islam) --- Awadh (India) --- Oude (india) --- History of Asia --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Iraq --- Iran --- State, The --- Ummah (Islam) --- Islamic sects --- Alids --- United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India) --- Avadha (India) --- Oude (India)
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In this book Juan R. I. Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in September 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's viceregal government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad al-`Urabi. Although most Western observers still see the `Urabi movement as a "revolt" of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains that it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cut off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neocolonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. In a thorough examination of the changing Egyptian political culture from 1858 through the `Urabi episode, Cole shows how various social strata--urban guilds, the intelligentsia, and village notables--became "revolutionary." Addressing issues raised by such scholars as Barrington Moore and Theda Skocpol, his book combines four complementary approaches: social structure and its socioeconomic context, organization, ideology, and the ways in which unexpected conjunctures of events help drive a revolution.
Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- Egypt --- Aḥmad ʻArābī, --- Aḥmad ʻIrābī, --- Aḥmad ʻUrābī, --- ʻArābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻArabi Pasha, --- ʻIrābī, Aḥmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmed, --- ʻUrābī Pasha, --- أحمد عرابي --- عرابي، أحمد، --- عرابي، احمد --- عرابي، احمد، --- عرابى، أحمد، --- History of Africa --- anno 1800-1899 --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Activism. --- Al-Ahram. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Algerian War. --- Ancien Régime. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Arabization. --- Banditry. --- Before the Revolution. --- Bourgeoisie. --- British Empire. --- Bureaucrat. --- Byzantine Empire. --- Caliphate. --- Capitalism. --- Censorship. --- Central Asia. --- Circassians. --- Colonialism. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Constitutionalist (UK). --- Corporatism. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Decolonization. --- Despotism. --- Economic interventionism. --- Education in Egypt. --- Egyptian Government. --- Egyptian crisis (2011–14). --- Egyptian law. --- Egyptians. --- Elie Kedourie. --- Emir. --- English Revolution. --- Expansionism. --- Expatriate. --- Extraterritoriality. --- Foreign policy of the United States. --- From Time Immemorial. --- Ideology. --- Imperial Ambitions. --- Imperialism. --- Indian Rebellion of 1857. --- Infant industry. --- Insurgency. --- Intelligentsia. --- International relations. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Jingoism. --- Khedive. --- Labor aristocracy. --- Liberalism (book). --- Liberalism. --- Loan shark. --- Mercantilism. --- Middle East. --- Mirrors for princes. --- Nativism (politics). --- Neocolonialism. --- New Political Economy (journal). --- Newspaper. --- On Revolution. --- Orientalism. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political revolution. --- Politics. --- Poll tax. --- Populism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Reformism. --- Revolution. --- Revolutionary movement. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Salman Rushdie. --- Sayyid. --- Secularization. --- Social revolution. --- State within a state. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Suez Canal Company. --- Suez Crisis. --- Tanzimat. --- Tax collector. --- Tax. --- The Imperialism of Free Trade. --- Tyrant. --- Upper Egypt. --- Urban riots. --- Use tax. --- Usury. --- Warfare. --- Westernization. --- Young Turk Revolution. --- Zoroaster. --- Urabi, Ahmad,
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The troubled transition to democracy in Iraq has led many to wonder how the country's Shiâ'ites and Sunnis will balance their religious beliefs with political pressures. In this volume, historian Juan R. I. Cole explores clerical participation within Iraq's emerging democracy, including that of the Daâ'wa Party, the al-Sadr Movement, and the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution. Ideal for students and scholars of foreign affairs, Cole's thought-provoking analysis will be important reading for anyone concerned about the future of Iraq.
Democracy. --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Iraq --- Politics and government. --- Democracy --- Shiites --- Religion and state --- Religion and politics --- Politics, Practical --- Politics and religion --- Religion --- Religions --- State and religion --- State, The --- Shia Muslims --- Shiah Muslims --- Shiahs --- Shias --- Shiite Muslims --- Muslims --- Religious aspects --- Political aspects
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Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- Aḥmad ʻArābī, --- Aḥmad ʻIrābī, --- Aḥmad ʻUrābī, --- ʻArābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻArabi Pasha, --- ʻIrābī, Aḥmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmed, --- ʻUrābī Pasha, --- أحمد عرابي --- عرابي، أحمد، --- عرابي، احمد --- عرابي، احمد، --- عرابى، أحمد، --- Egypt --- HISTORY. --- Social classes. --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad. --- 1800-1899. --- Egypt.
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Le 1er juillet 1798, cinquante mille Français débarquent près d'Alexandrie sous le commandement de Bonaparte. Ils occuperont le pays pendant trois ans. Bonaparte chasse beys et mamelouks, crée des institutions sur le modèle du Directoire, tout en écrasant la population sous la répression et les impôts. Confrontée aux révoltes permanentes, la France devra faire appel à la marine anglaise. ©Electre 2015
Second Coalition, War of the, 1798-1801 --- Guerre de la deuxième coalition, 1798-1801 --- Campaigns --- Campagnes et batailles --- Napoleon --- France --- Egypt --- France --- Egypte --- History --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire
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"The ... blogger and Middle East expert Juan Cole illuminates the role of today's Arab youth--who they are, what they want, and how they will affect world politics"--
Arabs --- Youth --- Youth --- Political participation --- Internet --- Arabes --- Jeunesse --- Jeunesse --- Participation politique --- Internet --- Political activity. --- Social life and customs --- Social life and customs --- Technological innovations --- Political aspects --- Activité politique --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Innovations --- Aspect politique --- Arab countries --- Middle East --- Etats arabes --- Moyen-Orient --- Politics and government --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politique et gouvernement
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