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Analytical biochemistry --- Materials --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Molecular structure --- Optical measurements --- Nonlinear optics --- Second harmonic generation --- Optical properties --- Analysis --- Technique --- Optical aspects --- Materials - Optical properties --- Materials - Analysis - Technique --- Surfaces (Technology) - Analysis - Technique --- Molecular structure - Optical aspects --- Optical measurements - Technique
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Optica handelt over de interactie tussen licht en materie. Bijgevolg dienen beiden beschreven te worden wanneer optische fenomenen worden bestudeerd. Licht wordt gebruikelijk voorgesteld als een elektromagnetische golf. Voor de meeste optische effecten zijn vooral de oscillerende elektrische velden belangrijk, veel meer dan de bijhorende magnetische velden. Sinds de ontwikkeling van de kwantummechanica in het begin van de twintigste eeuw wordt materie veelal kwantumfysisch beschreven. Bij lineaire media zijn optische effecten op een lineaire manier afhankelijk van het aangelegde optische veld. Bij niet-lineaire optische (NLO) materialen gaat deze evenredigheid niet langer op. Hier zullen optische processen op een niet-lineaire manier afhangen van de optische veldsterkte. Een maat om te beschrijven hoe sterk een molecule afwijkt van lineair gedrag is de hyperpolariseerbaarheid. Materialen met sterke niet-lineaire optische effecten zijn een intens bestudeerd onderwerp omdat ze belangrijke potentiële toepassingen hebben in de moderne communicatietechnologie, meer bepaald bij optische datatransfer, verwerking en opslag, waarbij ze langzamerhand de klassieke optische apparatuur vervangen. Hierbij is er een stijgende vraag naar materialen met een zo groot mogelijke hyperpolariseerbaarheid. Daarom is het wenselijk verbanden te zoeken tussen moleculaire structuur en hyperpolariseerbaarheid. In deze thesis wordt het niet-lineair optisch gedrag van benzothiazolen en benzothiazoliumverbindingen onderzocht. Dit gebeurt zowel vanuit experimenteel als computationeel standpunt. Experimenteel worden de verbindingen onderzocht door hun hyperpolariseerbaarheid te meten aan de hand van de methode van spectrale hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). Om op zoek te gaan naar verbanden tussen moleculaire structuur en niet-lineaire optische eigenschappen, moeten verschillende verbindingen vergeleken kunnen worden. De ingewikkelde golflengte-afhankelijkheid van niet-lineaire interacties maakt dit echter een moeilijke opdracht. Om op een objectieve manier verbindingen met verschillende golflengte-afhankelijkheden te kunnen vergelijken, moet men op zoek gaan naar methodes om naar golflengte te kunnen schalen. Dit gebeurt doorgaans door bepaalde benaderingen te hanteren en binnen bepaalde modellen te werken. De gemaakte benaderingen zullen echter niet altijd even correct zijn, en niet-lineaire eigenschappen van verschillende verbindingen blijken over het algemeen moeilijk vergelijkbaar. Door gebruik te maken van kwantumchemische theorie en computationele methodes kunnen de benzothiazo-verbindingen ook vanuit theoretisch oogpunt worden onderzocht. Aan de hand van zogenaamde `finite field methods' en door gebruik te maken van densiteit functionaal theorie werden de hyperpolariseerbaarheden van de verbindingen berekend. De berekeningen waren echter sterk afhankelijk van configurationele effecten, en vergelijking met experimentele resultaten bleek niet evident.
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Optics, the science of the interaction of light with matter, has become ubiquitous in our society. Light is propagating in the form of photons over optical fibers, very much as electricity in the form of electrons, is transported over electrical conductors. Indeed, photonics is the technology platform that relies on the manipulation of photons, rather than electrons in electronics. Nonlinear optics (NLO) is a sub-field describing all optical processes that depend in a nonlinear manner on the applied optical field. In this project we will focus on second-order effects, meaning they are quadratically dependent on the strength of the field. This interaction is only present in materials where loosely bound electrons are available that can feel the detailed electromagnetic properties of light. Organic molecules with lots of such electrons have been synthesized and tested for their NLO properties. More elaborated molecules, such as those with a transition metal ion incorporated, exhibit different electronic properties based on the oxidation state of the metal. Because these molecules can also be reversibly switched between these two forms, their optical properties can be altered. We envisage the detailed, both experimental and theoretical, study of such molecular switches for a better fundamental understanding of their electronic and optical phenomena. This involves the determination of their second-order NLO properties both with highly accurate quantum chemical methods as well as measurements with a unique laser setup.
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The concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen (DO) plays a vital role in various sectors including industrial production, aquaculture, food production, environmental monitoring, metabolism. While there are three popular methods to detect the concentration of DO, namely, the iodometric method, the electrochemical method, and the optical method, only the optical method allows for real-time measurements without oxygen consumption. This method is based on fluorescence quenching, where the collisional quenching of DO causes the excited state of fluorophore in water to return to the ground state. The fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore is inversely proportional to the concentration of DO, as described by the Stern-Volmer equation. By artificially increasing the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore, it is possible to amplify the detection scale and, consequently, enhance detection sensitivity. Fermi's golden rule states that the spontaneous emission rate of a quantum emitter weakly coupled to a structured photonic reservoir is determined by the local density of photon states (DOS) at the emitter's position and wavelength. By creating a photonic crystal (PC) acting as a photonic reservoir and carefully engineering its photonic bandgap (PBG) to match the emission wavelength of the fluorophore, it is possible to reduce the emission rate of the fluorophore, resulting in an increased fluorescence lifetime. The PBG of a PC, which exhibits periodicity in its refractive index (RI), reduces the DOS within its bandgap. However, a challenge arises when the traditional solid sphere based colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) is immersed in water, as RI matching can occur, thereby diminishing the PBG effect. This issue can be resolved by using hollow colloidal spheres instead of solid spheres as the building blocks of the PC. In this thesis, the objective was to enhance the measurement sensitivity of a fluorescence quenching-based oxygen detector by engineering hollow sphere colloidal photonic crystals (HSCPCs) and applying them to the DO detection process. To achieve this goal, HSCPCs were synthesized by creating a polystyrene (PS) template sphere coated with silica via Stöber condensation. These core-shell particles were then self-assembled into a CPC structure and subjected to calcination in an oven to remove the PS core. The most challenging aspect of this process was to create an HSCPC with a PBG that matched the fluorescence wavelength of the fluorophore. After several attempts, the desired HSCPC was successfully fabricated. The characterization of these HSCPCs involved reflectance measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Upon completion of the synthesis, optical fluorescence lifetime measurements confirmed that the HSCPCs effectively increased the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore. Furthermore, it was observed that the HSCPCs significantly enhanced the detection scale by nearly 200%, thereby improving measurement sensitivity, which was the primary objective of this thesis.
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