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New democracies --- Post-communism. --- Political science --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Democracy --- Democratization --- Newly independent states --- Study and teaching. --- Europe, Eastern --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Politics and government --- Research. --- Post-communism --- Démocratie --- Démocratisation --- Postcommunisme --- Science politique --- Study and teaching --- Etude et enseignement --- Europe de l'Est --- Research --- Politique et gouvernement --- Recherche --- -#SBIB:328H27 --- #SBIB:324H20 --- #SBIB:321H60 --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Self-government --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Instellingen en beleid: Midden- en Centraal Europa: algemeen --- Politologie: theorieën (democratie, comparatieve studieën….) --- Westerse politieke en sociale theorieën vanaf de 19e eeuw: socialisme, marxisme, communisme, anarchisme --- -Research. --- -Study and teaching

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The purpose of this book is to present new mathematical techniques for modeling global issues. These mathematical techniques are used to determine linear equations between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables in cases where standard techniques such as linear regression are not suitable. In this book, we examine cases where the number of data points is small (effects of nuclear warfare), where the experiment is not repeatable (the breakup of the former Soviet Union), and where the data is derived from expert opinion (how conservative is a political party). In all these cases the data  is difficult to measure and an assumption of randomness and/or statistical validity is questionable.  We apply our methods to real world issues in international relations such as  nuclear deterrence, smart power, and cooperative threat reduction. We next apply our methods to issues in comparative politics such as successful democratization, quality of life, economic freedom, political stability, and failed states. Finally, issues involving deaf and hard of hearing children are explored.  .

Fuzzy sets --- Uncertainty (Information theory) --- Linear models (Statistics) --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Mathematical models --- Models, Linear (Statistics) --- Measure of uncertainty (Information theory) --- Shannon's measure of uncertainty --- System uncertainty --- Sets, Fuzzy --- Engineering. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Fuzzy sets. --- Mathematical models. --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Set theory --- Mathematical statistics --- Statistics --- Information measurement --- Probabilities --- Questions and answers --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing

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The purpose of this book is to present new mathematical techniques for modeling global issues. These mathematical techniques are used to determine linear equations between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables in cases where standard techniques such as linear regression are not suitable. In this book, we examine cases where the number of data points is small (effects of nuclear warfare), where the experiment is not repeatable (the breakup of the former Soviet Union), and where the data is derived from expert opinion (how conservative is a political party). In all these cases the data  is difficult to measure and an assumption of randomness and/or statistical validity is questionable.  We apply our methods to real world issues in international relations such as  nuclear deterrence, smart power, and cooperative threat reduction. We next apply our methods to issues in comparative politics such as successful democratization, quality of life, economic freedom, political stability, and failed states. Finally, issues involving deaf and hard of hearing children are explored.  .

Applied physical engineering --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- neuronale netwerken --- fuzzy logic --- cybernetica --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- ingenieurswetenschappen

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Fuzzy set theory is a mathematical method that allows users to consider concepts that are subject to degree-vagueness between boundaries of full membership and nonmembership. An example might be the idea of development of a nation, the degree of constitutional control in a government, or a person's understanding of a linguistic number such as "Ba few" or "Bcertain." This entry introduces the idea of a fuzzy set as well as the operations on fuzzy sets using examples taken from the literature. It pays particular attention to challenges of interpreting and measurement of membership and between-set comparisons. It concludes with a review of selected applications of fuzzy sets in psychology, political science, and sociology.

Anthropology. --- Business and Management. --- Communication and Media Studies.