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The hierarchy of states presents Ian Clark's Reform and resistance in the international order, a well-established text on international relations first published in 1980, in a completely revised form. Combining a detailed examination of theory with a full account of historical developments, Dr Clark analyses the nature of international order - the hierarchical state system - and its potential for reform. The theory of international order is explored tracing two traditions of thought epitomised in the writings of Kant and Rousseau, whilst in a historical survey Dr Clark covers the main attempts to implement international order since 1815 and includes such aspects as concert diplomacy, alliance systems, international organisations as well as such informal understandings as nuclear deterrence, crisis management and spheres of influence. This revised edition contains two new chapters - one on international/world order issues and the other on 'macro' changes between 1815 and 1990. Dr Clark has updated his discussion on the course of superpower relations and most of the material on the post-1945 period is introduced in this edition for the first time.

International relations. Foreign policy --- International law --- World history --- anno 1800-1999 --- International relations. --- World politics --- Relations internationales --- Politique mondiale --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty

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The conventional view of international society is that it is interested only in co-existence and order amongst states. This creates a puzzle. When the historical record is examined, we discover that international society has repeatedly signed up to normative principles that go well beyond this purpose. When it has done so, it has built new normative constraints into international legitimacy, and this is most conspicuously so when it has espoused broadly humanitarian principles. This suggests that the norms adopted by international society might be encouraged from the distinct constituency of world society. The book traces a series of historical case studies which issued in international affirmation of such principles: slave-trade abolition in 1815; the public conscience in 1899; social justice (but not racial equality) in 1919; human rights in 1945; and democracy as the only acceptable form of state in 1990. In each case, evidence is presented of world-society actors (transnational movements, advocacy networks, and INGOs) making the political running in support of a new principle, often in alliance with a leading state. At the same time, world society has mounted a normative case, and this can be seen as a degree of normative integration between international and world society. Each of the cases tells a fascinating story in its own right. Collectively, they contribute to the growing IR literature on the role of norms, and especially that written from a broadly English School or constructivist perspective. The book thereby puts some real historical flesh on the concept of world society, while forcing us to reconsider traditional views about the 'essential' nature of international society.

International cooperation --- International obligations --- Social norms --- Legitimacy of governments. --- International relations. --- Coopération internationale --- Obligations internationales --- Normes sociales --- Légitimité des gouvernements --- Relations internationales --- History. --- Histoire --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Governments, Legitimacy of --- Legitimacy (Constitutional law) --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Revolutions --- State, The --- General will --- Political stability --- Regime change --- Folkways --- Norms, Social --- Rules, Social --- Social rules --- Manners and customs --- Social control --- International agreements --- International law --- Treaties --- Cooperation, International --- Institutions, International --- International institutions --- Cooperation --- International relations --- International organization --- Coopération internationale --- Légitimité des gouvernements

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Nuclear warfare --- Limited war

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Legitimacy of governments. --- International relations. --- Recognition (International law)

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International relations. --- Legitimacy of governments. --- Recognition (International law). --- Coexistence --- Coëxistence pacifique --- Erkenning (Internationaal recht) --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Gouvernement légitime --- Gouvernement--Légitimité --- Interdependence of nations --- International relations --- Internationale betrekkingen --- Legitimacy of governments --- Legitimiteit van de regering --- Légitimité des gouvernements --- Ordre mondial --- Peaceful coexistence --- Recognition (International law) --- Reconnaissance (Droit international) --- Regeringen--Legitimiteit --- Regeringen--Wettigheid --- Relations internationales --- Vreedzame coëxistentie --- Wereldorde --- Wettige regering --- Wettigheid van de regering --- World order --- International relations. Foreign policy --- Légitimité des gouvernements