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Inflammation of the brain in the context of neurodegenerative disorders is an area of intense debate and discussion, not least in terms of its pathogenic significance and the extent to which it drives disease processes and pathology. This inflammation can take several forms including innate responses involving microglia, humoral responses involving antibody, complement mediated processes and cellular T-cell activation, of which the role and extent of each may differ between diseases. Whilst some diseases have been more intensely linked to inflammation and long-term degeneration (e.g. MS), more traditional chronic neurodegenerative disorders have been thought of in terms of intrinsic neuronal pathology with a secondary innate response. However, it has been described that microglia activation is an early event of many degenerative disorders and evidence is accumulating that it may play a critical role in actually causing pathology and driving disease processes. If true, this would have major therapeutic implications, but what is the evidence that this is the case?The initial observations by Patrick McGeer’s group of post-mortem tissue from patients with Parkinson’s disease revealed the presence of activated brain microglia long-term and has thus lead to the hypothesis that chronic inflammation could participate to neuronal degenerative processes. The significance of these original observations has only been recently revisited, and the development of more powerful tools to study the brain immune response has certainly contributed to this field of research. Chronic inflammation in the brain can take many forms but of particular interest has been the resident microglia and the role they play in this process. In this context, microglia have often been thought to become activated only after the disease has begun and then to contribute minimally to the degenerative process. Emerging new concepts challenge this view by proposing that microglial senescence, for example, may release the disease process and/or accelerate it. In addition, microglia, once activated, can adopt different phenotypes which can be both pro-inflammatory and pro-repair and may impact not only on the healthy adult neuronal population but on those new neurons derived from neurogenic niches of the adult brain.In this Research Topic, we attempt to explore this by first considering the innate immune responses in the brain and the methods by which they can be studied experimentally and in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders. This sets the scene for then discussing a range of different disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These papers seek to discuss the evidence for an innate immune response and whether this is beneficial or detrimental, as well as its therapeutic implications.

Natural immunity. --- Nervous system --- Degeneration. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Degeneration, Nerve --- Nerve degeneration --- Nervous system degeneration --- Neurodegenerative disease --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- Neurodegenerative disorders --- Neuron degeneration --- Nissl degeneration --- Retrograde degeneration --- Wallerian degeneration --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Degeneration and regeneration --- Therapeutics --- Inflammation --- Animal Models

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Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience at a Glance is a highly illustrated, quick reference guide to the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology of the human nervous system. Each chapter features a summary of the anatomical structure and function of a specific component of the central nervous system, a section on applied neurobiology outlining how to approach a patient with neurological or psychiatric problems aligned to the chapter topic, standard diagnostic procedures for most common scenarios, as well as an overview of treatment and management options.This fully updated and expanded new edition includes: Dozens of full-page, colour illustrations and neurological scansExpanded coverage of techniques to study the nervous systemMore practical information on the neurological examNew content on neuropharmacology and drug therapiesBullet points and bold terms throughout assist with revision and review of the topicNeuroanatomy and Neuroscience at a Glance is the ideal companion for students embarking on a neuroanatomy or neuroscience course, and is an excellent reference tool for those in clinical training.An updated companion website with new clinical cases, multiple choice self-assessment questions, revision slides, and downloadable illustrations and flashcards is available at http://www.ataglanceseries.com/neuroscience

Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Nervous System --- Nervous System Diseases --- anatomy and histology --- Neuroanatomie --- Neurologie --- Verpleegkunde --- Nervous System - anatomy and histology

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"Une approche structurée et pédagogique. 'Neuroanatomie et neurosciences' est un guide de référence rapide et richement illustré sur l'anatomie, la biochimie, la physiologie et la pharmacologie du système nerveux humain. Chaque chapitre présente un résumé de la structure et de la fonction anatomiques d'un composant spécifique du système nerveux central, accompagné d'un texte sur la neurobiologie appliquée décrivant comment aborder un patient présentant des problèmes neurologiques ou psychiatriques. La dernière partie de l'ouvrage s'articule autour de questions-réponses et propose des procédures de diagnostic ainsi qu'un aperçu des options de traitement et de gestion. Un contenu examiné par les étudiants. Né d'une collaboration avec les étudiants, l'ouvrage se présente d'une part comme un texte d'introduction pour l'enseignement, l'apprentissage et la révision, et d'autre part, sous forme de texte de révision des mécanismes neuroscientifiques. Du fait de son approche concise, variée et de ses excellentes illustrations, 'Neuroanatomie et neurosciences' est le compagnon idéal des cours de neuroanatomie ou de neurosciences, et constitue une excellente référence pour les formations cliniques." [Source : 4e de couv.]

Neuroanatomy --- Neurosciences --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Nervous System --- Nervous System Diseases --- Neuroanatomie --- Système nerveux --- Neurophysiologie. --- anatomy & histology --- Anatomie. --- Maladies --- Manuels d'enseignement supérieur. --- Manuel. --- Maladies neurologiques. --- Neuroanatomy. --- Neurosciences. --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena. --- Nervous System Diseases. --- anatomy & histology.