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This handbook, edited by Ke-young Chu and Richard Hemming, offers guidance to officials formulating public policy recommendations, so that the aggregate level of public spending conforms with the economy's overall resource capacity. The handbook looks at the impact of public spending on the efficiency of resource use and explores the basis for distinguishing between productive and unproductive spending.

Public expenditure --- Third World: economic development problems --- Developing countries --- 336.532<1-772> --- -Government spending policy --- -Developing Countries --- 336.01 --- 336.020 --- 336.61 --- 338.340 --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- Government spending policy --- -336.39091724 --- Expenditures, Public --- Public spending policy --- Spending policy, Government --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Full employment policies --- Unfunded mandates --- 336.532<1-772> Procedures for evaluation and selection of public investments--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- Procedures for evaluation and selection of public investments--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Appropriations and expenditures. --- Overheidsbemoeiing op economisch gebied. --- Omvang, indeling en evolutie van de overheidsuitgaven: algemeenheden. --- Financieel beleid. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Government policy --- Dépenses publiques --- Politique gouvernementale --- Pays en développement --- Crédits budgétaires et dépenses --- 336.39091724 --- Overheidsbemoeiing op economisch gebied --- Omvang, indeling en evolutie van de overheidsuitgaven: algemeenheden --- Financieel beleid --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Health Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Public finance & taxation --- Civil service & public sector --- Labour --- income economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Expenditure --- Public sector --- Defense spending --- Public employment --- Public enterprises --- Economic sectors --- Income --- National accounts --- Economic theory --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- United States --- Income economics --- Nationalization

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Income distribution. --- Equity. --- Economic development. --- Income distribution --- Equity --- Economic development --- Economic History --- Business & Economics --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Chancery --- Actions and defenses --- Trusts and trustees --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Law and legislation

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This paper discusses the role of government expenditure policies in the decline in aggregate output in European transition economies. It is argued that there is little evidence for the hypothesis that more expansionary expenditure policies would have helped to mitigate the output decline. While measurement problems allow for very preliminary conclusions, it appears that government expenditures were, generally, not a binding constraint for output. In those cases where it could be argued that government expenditures were a binding constraint, they were usually not the only one. Government expenditure levels still remain on the high side, at least when compared with European market-based economies, and there exists few reasons for pursuing expansionary expenditure policies to lift European transition economies out of the “transitional recession.” While raising expenditure levels per se is an unappealing policy choice, a further reordering of expenditure priorities is desirable. In particular, increases in the share of government expenditures on capital--human and physical--are needed to improve long-run output potential.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Capital investments --- Capital spending --- Debt service --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Exports and Imports --- External debt --- Government subsidies --- Income --- Interest payments --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Subsidies --- Poland, Republic of

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336.121 --- Budget deficits --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- -Finance, Public --- -Fiscal policy --- Inflation (Finance) --- dette publique --- solde budgetaire --- depenses publiques --- inflation --- -Inflation (Finance) --- Fiscal policy --- Finance, Public --- -339.52 --- 330.05 --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance --- Natural rate of unemployment --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Deficits, Budget --- Budget --- 336.121 Nationaal budget. Rijksbegroting. Staatsbegroting. Begrotingspolitiek --- Nationaal budget. Rijksbegroting. Staatsbegroting. Begrotingspolitiek --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Effect of inflation on --- Accounting --- openbare schuld --- begrotingssaldo --- overheidsuitgaven --- inflatie --- Government policy --- Budget deficits. --- Debts, Public. --- Fiscal policy. --- Inflation (Finance). --- Effect of inflation on. --- Accounting. --- 339.52 --- Government accounting --- Governmental accounting --- Public accounting --- Inflation (Finance) and public expenditures --- Expenditures, Public - Effect of inflation on --- Finance, Public - Accounting

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This paper reviews income distribution in developing (and transition) countries in recent decades. On average, before-tax income distribution in developing countries is less unequal than in industrial countries. However, unlike industrial countries, developing countries in general have not been able to use tax and transfer policies effectively to reduce income inequality. During the 1980s and 1990s, many developing countries experienced an increase in income inequality. The government health care and primary and secondary education programs in developing countries are not well targeted, but their incidence tends to be progressive.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Income distribution --- Personal income --- Expenditure --- Income inequality --- Income and capital gains taxes --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Income --- Expenditures, Public --- Income tax --- Thailand