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International trade in higher education services in the form of international student mobility has increased sharply since the 1960s and especially from Eastern Europe and Central Asia since the fall of the Soviet Union. Many international students, especially those with graduate degrees, stay on in the host country after graduation. Although their impact on labor markets has been investigated by economists, geographers, and regional scientists in recent years, most studies on international students focus on education and spatial issues, with very little economic analysis. Furthermore, the application of a trade in services framework to international student mobility is virtually nonexistent. Four areas of research have emerged that need further investigation, particularly for the Europe and Central Asia region. First is the research gap on host and source country pull and push factors affecting the demand and supply of international students. Second, there is little or no understanding of the impact of foreign direct investment in higher education services, both through the establishment of branch campuses as well as direct investment by multinationals in universities. Third, there is virtually no study on the impact of international student and scholar mobility on global collaborative patents. Fourth, there are very few field experiments in international student or migration research. These issues need to be understood for the development of appropriate policies in industrialized, emerging and developing economies, on the global mobility of students as well as establishment of branch campuses abroad.

International Economics and Trade --- International Students --- Labor Market --- Skilled Immigration --- Skilled Labor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Student Mobility

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Health status indicators --- Health status indicators --- Medical care --- Medical care --- Medical care --- Medical care --- Finance. --- Finance.

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Pharmacology. Therapy --- India --- Legislation, Drug --- Industry --- Pharmacy Administration --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Social Control, Formal --- Organization and Administration --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Legislation as Topic --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Health Services Administration --- Sociology --- Social Sciences --- Health Care --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Drugs, Essential --- Drug and Narcotic Control --- Drug Industry --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Drug Legislation --- Drug Laws --- Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act --- Narcotic Laws --- Drug Law --- Law, Drug --- Law, Narcotic --- Laws, Drug --- Laws, Narcotic --- Narcotic Law --- Drug Prescriptions --- Industries, Pharmaceutic --- Industry, Drug --- Industry, Pharmaceutic --- Industry, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Industry --- Drug Industries --- Industries, Drug --- Industries, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutic Industries --- Pharmaceutic Industry --- Pharmaceutical Industries --- Drug Control --- Narcotic and Drug Control --- Pharmaceutic Policy --- Drug Regulations --- Narcotic Control --- Pharmaceutical Policy --- Control, Drug --- Control, Narcotic --- Controls, Drug --- Controls, Narcotic --- Drug Controls --- Drug Regulation --- Narcotic Controls --- Pharmaceutical Policies --- Policies, Pharmaceutical --- Policy, Pharmaceutical --- Regulation, Drug --- Regulations, Drug --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Essential Drugs --- Formularies as Topic --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- General Social Development and Population --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Constitutional Amendments --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Public Policy --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Pharmaceuticals --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drug --- Drugs --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Product, Pharmaceutical --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Administration, Pharmacy --- Administrations, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Administrations --- Tertiary Sector --- Sector, Tertiary --- Sectors, Tertiary --- Tertiary Sectors --- Commerce --- Ethics, Business --- legislation & jurisprudence --- organization & administration

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Singapore is an interesting example of how the pattern of foreign investment changes with economic development. The authors analyze inbound and outbound investment between Singapore and a sample of industrialized and developing countries over the period 1984-2003. They find that Singapore's two-way investment with industrialized nations has shifted into skill-seeking activities over the period, while Singapore's investments in developing countries have increased sharply and become concentrated in labor-seeking activities. Singapore's increasing skill abundance relative to all countries in the sample accounted for 41 percent of average inbound stocks during the period, that is, USD 18 billion annually; the corresponding figure for outbound stocks was 40 percent, that is, USD 5.51 billion annually.

Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Capital stock --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Developing country --- Economic development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equity investment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign equity --- Foreign investment --- Homogeneous goods --- Human capital --- International bank --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Investment patterns --- Labor and Social Protections --- Labor Policies --- Law and Justice --- Local markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Portfolio --- Portfolio investment --- Private Sector Development --- Returns --- Stocks --- Telecommunications --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trust fund

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Singapore is an interesting example of how the pattern of foreign investment changes with economic development. The authors analyze inbound and outbound investment between Singapore and a sample of industrialized and developing countries over the period 1984-2003. They find that Singapore's two-way investment with industrialized nations has shifted into skill-seeking activities over the period, while Singapore's investments in developing countries have increased sharply and become concentrated in labor-seeking activities. Singapore's increasing skill abundance relative to all countries in the sample accounted for 41 percent of average inbound stocks during the period, that is, USD 18 billion annually; the corresponding figure for outbound stocks was 40 percent, that is, USD 5.51 billion annually.

Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Capital stock --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Developing country --- Economic development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equity investment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign equity --- Foreign investment --- Homogeneous goods --- Human capital --- International bank --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Investment patterns --- Labor and Social Protections --- Labor Policies --- Law and Justice --- Local markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Portfolio --- Portfolio investment --- Private Sector Development --- Returns --- Stocks --- Telecommunications --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trust fund