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Understanding the formation of objects at all scales in the universe, from galaxy clusters to stars and planets, is a major problem in modern astrophysics, and one of the most exciting challenges of twenty-first century astronomy. Even though they are characterized by different scales, the formation of planets, stars and galaxies share many common physical processes and are rooted in the same underlying domains of physics. This unique reference for graduate students and researchers in astrophysics was the first to cover structure formation on various scales in one volume. This book gathers together extensive reviews written by world experts in physics and astrophysics working in planet, star and galaxy formation, and related subjects. It addresses current issues in these fields and describes the recent observational status and theoretical and numerical methods aimed at understanding these problems.

Astrophysics. --- Large scale structure (Astronomy) --- Astronomy --- Cosmology --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics

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What do we understand of the properties of the dense ionised matter found in the interiors of low-mass stars and giant planets? The 147th IAU Colloquium gathered together international experts to address this question, and their answers are provided in this opportune proceedings. In this volume, reviews by world experts in plasma and dense matter physics and in stellar astrophysics cover everything from the cooling theory of white dwarfs and their accretion-induced collapse, through to the internal structure of low-mass stars and giant planets. They cover a wide range of topics related to the equation of state in dense matter. Together these articles provide an essential review of the most recent achievements in the field and give directions for future research.

Equations of state --- Astrophysics --- Stars --- Planets