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This state-of-the-art review on longevity focuses on centenarians, studied as a model of positive biology. The extraordinary rise in the elderly population in developed countries underscores the importance of studies on ageing and longevity in order to decrease the medical, economic and social problems associated with the increased number of non-autonomous individuals affected by invalidating pathologies. Centenarians have reached the extreme limits of human life span. Those in relatively good health, who are able to perform their routine daily tasks, are the best examples of extreme longevity, representing selected individuals in which the appearance of major age-related diseases – including cancer and cardiovascular diseases – has been consistently delayed or avoided. The relationship between causality and chance is an open discussion topic in many disciplines. In particular, ageing, the related diseases, and longevity are difficult to define as a consequence of causality, chance or both. Discussing the relevance of these different factors in the attainment of longevity, the book gathers contributions on genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic aspects of centenarians. The “positive biology” approach is applied to clarify the causes of positive phenotypes, as well as to explain the biological mechanisms of health and well-being with the aim of preventing and/or reducing frailty and disability in the elderly.

Centenarians. --- Centenarians --- Health and hygiene. --- Medical care. --- Geriatrics. --- Pathology. --- Human genetics. --- Medicine. --- Aging --- Geriatrics/Gerontology. --- Human Genetics. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Aging. --- Public Health. --- Research. --- Age --- Ageing --- Senescence --- Developmental biology --- Gerontology --- Longevity --- Age factors in disease --- Health Workforce --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Disease (Pathology) --- Medical sciences --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Medicine, Preventive --- Older people --- Physiological effect --- Health and hygiene --- Molecular biology. --- Public health. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology

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People around the world are living longer. For the first time in history, most humans will live to be sixty and beyond. By 2050, the world's population aged 60 and over will reach a total of 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015. Today, 125 million people are 80 years of age or older. By 2050, there will be 434 million people in this age group worldwide. In addition, the pace of aging of the world population is also increasing. However, there is not enough evidence to show that older people have better health than their parents. While rates of severe disability have declined over the past 30 years (but only in high-income countries), there have been no significant changes in mild to moderate disability over the same period of time. Indeed, the increase in the duration of life (lifespan) does not coincide with the increase in the duration of health (healthspan), that is, the period of life free from serious chronic diseases and disabilities. Therefore, the identification of the factors that predispose to a long and healthy life, as discussed in the papers of this book, is of enormous interest for translational medicine.

aging --- alternative therapy --- composition of royal jelly --- dietary interventions --- healthspan --- lifespan --- longevity --- royal jelly --- IGF-1 --- oxidative stress --- ageing --- nematode --- immunosenescence --- probiotic bacteria --- pathogen protection --- food allergy --- elderly --- hypersensitivity --- gut --- allergy --- inflammation --- redoxomics --- glutathione --- meniere’s disease --- neurodegenerative diseases --- healthy aging --- DNA methylation --- epigenetic clocks --- telomere length --- centenarians --- exosomes --- serum --- functional enrichment analysis --- ingenuity pathway analysis --- miRNA-mRNA networks --- aging-related disease --- Di (2-Ethylhexyl) pthalate --- Hericium erinaceus --- vitagenes --- apoptosis --- mitochondrial respiratory complexes --- C. elegans --- polyphenols --- olive oil --- Parkinson’s disease --- β-Dystroglycan --- cellular senescence --- lamin B1 --- DNA-damage response --- defective mitosis --- n/a --- meniere's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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