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"This paper examines the role of male-dominated international migration in shaping labor market outcomes by gender in migrant-sending households in Albania. Using detailed information on family migration experience from the latest Living Standards Measurement Study survey, the authors find that male and female labor supplies respond differently to the current and past migration episodes of household members. Controlling for the potential endogeneity of migration and for the income (remittances) effect, the estimates show that having a migrant abroad decreases female paid labor supply and increases unpaid work. However, women with past family migration experience are significantly more likely to engage in self-employment and less likely to supply unpaid work. The same relationships do not hold for men. These findings suggest that over time male-dominated Albanian migration may lead to women's empowerment in access to income-earning opportunities at the origin. "--World Bank web site.

Sex role in the work environment --- Albania --- Emigration and immigration.

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Agricultural development is an essential engine of growth and poverty reduction, yet agricultural data suffer from poor quality and narrow sectoral focus. There are several reasons for this: (i) difficult-to-measure smallholder agriculture is pr

Data --- Economic Development --- Household Surveys

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This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agricultural production --- Agriculture --- Demographic changes --- Development policies --- Economic Theory and Research --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Impact of migration --- International Migration --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy ReseaRch --- Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR --- Population Policies --- Resource allocation --- Rural areas --- Rural Development --- Rural development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Social Protections and Labor

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In view of its increasing importance, and the dearth of information on return migration and its impacts on source households, this study uses data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Study survey and assesses the impact of past migration experience of Albanian households on non-farm business ownership through instrumental variables regression techniques. Moreover, considering the differences in earning potentials and opportunities for skill acquisition in different destination countries, the impact of household past migration experience is differentiated by main migrant destinations, namely Greece and Italy. The study also tests for the hypothesis of the existence of migration cycles, by differentiating the time spent abroad based on the year of return. The empirical results indicate that household past migration experience exerts a positive impact on the probability of owning a non-farm business. While one additional year in Greece increases the probability of household business ownership by roughly 7 percent, a similar experience in Italy or further destinations raises the probability by over 30 percent. Although past migration experience for the period 1990-2000 is positively associated with the likelihood of owning a household enterprise, a similar impact does not materialize for the period 2001-2004. The latter finding seems suggestive of the fact that more recent migrants are yet to attain a target level of required savings and skills in order to successfully establish a new business upon return.

Access to Finance --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Migrations and Resettlements --- Impact of migration --- International Migration --- Living Standards --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Policy ReseaRch --- Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Return Migration --- Rural development --- Social Development --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement