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We present a compilation on the evolutive processes that led to the gene emergence that should help readers who are not familiar with the subject to understand the mechanisms that might have shaped it over time. The main challenge in these processes is that they must be coherent with the emergence of self-reproducing systems from simple in- and organic chemistry as well as being compatible with natural selection. As in other sciences like physics, the detailed understanding of the most fundamental processes led to key breakthrough technological achievements. For instance, the artificially induced evolution of catalytic systems under directed selective constraints is an important issue for the processing industry. It is amazing to realize how fast complex biological systems arose and evolved in the early time of Earth. Here, it has been our aim to try to give a constructive view of how chemical information contributed to biological self-organization.

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Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop, Volume 1 reports on the state of the art of scientific investigations on the new crop Jatropha curcas made during the past decade. The progresses obtained on the knowledge of this abstemious, semi-wild species are already impressive and were mainly achieved in just a decade (2001- 2011). This knowledge extends from basic Jatropha physiology and biological reproduction to the basic agronomic practices and systems for its productive management, but also the complete set of biotechnological tools, such as in vitro culture, genetic transformation, genomic sequence, genetic map, and markers assisted selection that are necessary for its selective breeding. These scientific and technological achievements paved the way for the future technological management and domestication of Jatropha as an industrial oilseed crop able to contribute to the feeding of the transport system. The two book series on Jatropha is the first comprehensive compilation by global experts. It is an essential text in view of the importance that Jatropha demonstrated worldwide by its large scale cultivation and emerging value for energy business as a biofuel. This first volume is presented in five units comprising 30 chapters covering the main aspects of the worldwide economic importance of Jatropha as well as its physiology, farming, oil processing, by-products, biodiesel, and biofuel combustion. Volume 1 provides a comprehensive picture on the whole productive chain of Jatropha and helps the reader to make a mental representation concerning the potential of Jatropha as a crop.

Biomass energy. --- Jatropha -- Biotechnology. --- Jatropha. --- Plant cell biotechnology. --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Botany - General --- Jatropha --- Biotechnology. --- Bio-energy (Biomass energy) --- Bioenergy (Biomass energy) --- Biofuels --- Biological fuels --- Energy, Biomass --- Microbial energy conversion --- Plant cells in biotechnology --- Life sciences. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant genetics. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant breeding. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Genetics & Genomics. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Energy conversion --- Fuel --- Energy crops --- Microbial fuel cells --- Refuse as fuel --- Waste products as fuel --- Plant biotechnology --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Plants --- Genetics --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Physiology --- Floristic botany

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Jatropha curcas, or physic nut, is a small tree that, in tropical climates, produces fruits with seeds containing ~38% oil. The physic nut has the potential to be highly productive and is amenable to subculture in vitro and to genetic modification. It also displays remarkable diversity and is relatively easy to cross hybridize within the genus. Thanks to these promising features, J. curcas is emerging as a promising oil crop and is gaining commercial interest among the biofuel research communities. However, as a crop, physic nut has been an economic flop since 2012, because the species was not fully domesticated and the average productivity was less than 2 t/ha, which is below the threshold of profitability. Nevertheless, hybrids with a productivity of >7 t/ha could be reached and it is contributing to new markets in some countries. As such, it is important fro research to focus on the physiology and selective breeding of Jatropha . This book provides a positive global update on Jatropha, a crop that has suffered despite its promising agronomic and economic potential. The editors have used their collective expertise in agronomy, botany, selective breeding, biotechnology, genomics and bioinformatics to seek out high-quality contributions that address the bottleneck features in order to improve the economic trajectory of physic nut breeding.

Plant breeding. --- Plant genetics. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant pathology. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Ecology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology --- Physiology --- Genetics --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Floristic ecology

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Jatropha curcas, or physic nut, is a small tree that, in tropical climates, produces fruits with seeds containing ~38% oil. The physic nut has the potential to be highly productive and is amenable to subculture in vitro and to genetic modification. It also displays remarkable diversity and is relatively easy to cross hybridize within the genus. Thanks to these promising features, J. curcas is emerging as a promising oil crop and is gaining commercial interest among the biofuel research communities. However, as a crop, physic nut has been an economic flop since 2012, because the species was not fully domesticated and the average productivity was less than 2 t/ha, which is below the threshold of profitability. Nevertheless, hybrids with a productivity of >7 t/ha could be reached and it is contributing to new markets in some countries. As such, it is important fro research to focus on the physiology and selective breeding of Jatropha . This book provides a positive global update on Jatropha, a crop that has suffered despite its promising agronomic and economic potential. The editors have used their collective expertise in agronomy, botany, selective breeding, biotechnology, genomics and bioinformatics to seek out high-quality contributions that address the bottleneck features in order to improve the economic trajectory of physic nut breeding.

General ecology and biosociology --- Plant genetics. Plant evolution --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Botany --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Biotechnology --- plantenziekten --- systematische plantkunde --- biobrandstoffen --- bio-informatica --- genomics --- bevolking --- biotechnologie --- planten