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"Indemniser au mieux les épisodes de chômage tout en limitant leur durée : telle est la vocation de l'assurance chômage. Loin de remplir cette mission, le système français opère une redistribution à grande échelle entre secteurs d'activité et niveaux de salaire. D'une efficacité limitée, il favorise l'instabilité de l'emploi et contribue à maintenir un chômage élevé. Or, il existe d' importantes marges de manœuvre pour limiter ces transferts et les comportements d'optimisation qu'ils encouragent. Le système doit être recentré sur les incitations individuelles au maintien dans l'emploi et au retour vers l'emploi, et son pilotage rendu plus cohérent par une meilleure coordination entre assurance et accompagnement des demandeurs d'emploi."

Unemployment insurance --- Unemployment --- Unemployment insurance --- Unemployment

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Many OECD countries have in recent decades experienced periods of relatively rapid growth in nonemployment benefit expenditures and recipiency rates which have not subsequently been reversed. By contrast, in a number of OECD countries the number of unemployment benefit recipients has declined fairly sharply since the mid-1990s. Although national situations for particular benefits vary greatly, a variety of evidence suggests that there is now often substantial scope for bringing people currently in the sick and disabled, lone-parent, old-age and non-categorical social assistance groups into employment.

Social Issues/Migration/Health

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Omniprésente, la discrimination s'insinue dans toutes les étapes du parcours professionnel, de la candidature à l'embauche en passant par la perte d'un emploi et les chances de promotion. Elle se manifeste même dès les années d'éducation, influençant l'acquisition de compétences comme les choix de carrière. Les causes, le coût et la mesure des discriminations au travail font l'objet de multiples recherches et expérimentations, dont cet ouvrage novateur présente les résultats pour un large éventail de groupes sociaux : les femmes, les seniors, les LGBT, les minorités ethniques et religieuses, les personnes discriminées en raison de leur apparence physique. Cet ouvrage est aussi le premier à proposer une série de mesures qui, bien au-delà d'une approche strictement punitive, montrent que les discriminations au travail ne sont pas une fatalité et peuvent être combattues.

Discrimination in employment --- History --- Discrimination dans l'emploi --- Discrimination raciale --- Discrimination religieuse dans l'emploi --- Discrimination selon l'âge dans l'emploi --- Discrimination sexuelle dans l'emploi --- Plafond de verre (discrimination dans l'emploi) --- Discrimination dans l'emploi. --- Discrimination raciale. --- Discrimination religieuse dans l'emploi. --- Discrimination selon l'âge dans l'emploi. --- Discrimination sexuelle dans l'emploi. --- Discrimination in employment - History - 20th century --- Discrimination in employment - History - 21st century

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This paper proposes an ex ante evaluation of the effects of new labor contracts such as the "Contrat Nouvelle Embauche" (CNE) introduced in France in 2005. The lessons we draw are of sufficiently general interest to be applicable to other countries or reforms of employment protection laws. Using a model that captures the characteristics of the French labor market, we simulate the effects of this reform on unemployment, employment, and welfare. We estimate that the CNE will lead to the creation of 70,000 additional jobs in the long run, but at the cost of a slight deterioration in welfare.

Labor contract --- Job creation --- Labor laws and legislation --- Creating jobs --- Employment creation --- Full employment policies --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Contracts --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Unemployment Insurance --- Severance Pay --- Plant Closings --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor Demand --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Labor force --- Unemployment --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- France --- Income economics

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Enhancing the efficiency of education and health spending is a key policy challenge in G7 countries. The paper assesses this efficiency and seeks to establish a link between differences in efficiency across countries and policy and institutional factors. The findings suggest that reforms aimed at increasing efficiency need to take into account the nature and causes of inefficiencies. Inefficiencies in G7 countries mostly reflect lack of cost effectiveness in acquiring real resources, such as teachers and pharmaceuticals. We also find that high wage spending is associated with lower efficiency. In addition, lowering student-teacher ratios is associated with reduced efficiency in the education sector, while immunizations and doctors' consultations coincide with higher efficiency in the health sector. Greater autonomy for schools seems to raise efficiency in secondary education.

Public Finance --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Health economics --- Health care spending --- Education spending --- Health --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Germany --- Medical economics --- Finance