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"Whether the federal government could play any role in the development of infrastructure was a controversial issue in the early republic. Spending on roads and harbors was not one of the enumerated powers; therefore many argued such projects were left to the states. Demand for better transportation increased as the country grew, which put pressure on the federal government to become involved in the development of national infrastructure. Roads and harbors were the first projects the federal government supported. As railroads developed they also became objects of federal interest. This book tells a story about the development of the American state through the demand for support of railroads. Growing demand for national rail networks combined with the failure of many state initiatives put pressure on the federal government to act. This is a story of the development of the state from ground up"-- " America's founders envisioned a federal government of limited and enumerated powers. What they could not envision, of course, was the vast and complex infrastructure that the growing nation would demand--a demand that became ever clearer as the power and importance of railroads emerged. The requirements of a nationwide rail network, it also became clear, far exceeded the resources of state and local government and private industry. The consequences, as seen in this book, amounted to state building from the ground up. In Railroads and American Political Development Zachary Callen tells the story of the federal government's role in developing a national rail system--and the rail system's role in expanding the power of the federal government. The book reveals how state building, so often attributed to an aggressive national government, can also result from local governments making demands on the national state--a dynamic that can still be seen at work every time the US Congress takes up a transportation bill. Though many states invested in their local railroads, and many quite successfully, others were less willing or less capable--so rail development necessarily became a federal concern. Railroads and American Political Development shows how this led to the Land Grant Act of 1850, a crucial piece of legislation in the building of both the nation's infrastructure and the American state. Chronicling how this previously local issue migrated to the federal state, and how federal action then altered American rail planning, the book offers a new perspective on the exact nature of federalism. In the case of rail development, we see how state governments factor into the American state building process, and how, in turn, the separation of powers at the federal level shaped that process. The result is a fresh view of the development of the American rail system, as well as a clearer picture of the pressures and political logic that have altered and expanded the reach of American federalism. "--

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Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, Eric Oliver puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are "managerial democracies" with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.

Democracy --- Local elections --- County elections --- Elections, County --- Elections, Local --- Elections, Municipal --- Municipal elections --- Election law --- Elections --- Law and legislation --- #SBIB:324H42 --- Politieke structuren: verkiezingen --- Ha, Shang E. --- Callen, Zachary. --- American 1 : --- General & Multiperiod. --- America. --- American government. --- American municipalities. --- American politics. --- bias. --- city council members. --- classical democratic theory. --- constitutive power. --- custodial performance. --- election results. --- electoral politics. --- grassroots politics. --- homevoters. --- incumbent. --- intermunicipal political exclusion. --- local community. --- local democracy. --- local elections. --- local governance. --- local government. --- local politicians. --- local politics. --- managerial democracy. --- municipal government. --- municipal governments. --- municipalities. --- national elections. --- national politics. --- political candidates. --- political dynamics. --- political engagement. --- political participation. --- population size. --- resource distribution. --- state elections. --- voter choice. --- voter turnout. --- voting behavior.