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MINERALOGIE DETERMINATIVE --- MINERALOGIE --- GEMMOLOGIE

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The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physiology of nutrition. Metabolism --- Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Clinical chemistry --- klinische chemie --- medische chemie --- carbonzuren --- organische chemie --- biochemie --- chemie --- koolhydraten

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The innate immune system has evolved means to recognize and react suitably to foreign entities such as infectious agents. In many cases infectious microorganisms threaten the integrity and function of the target organs or tissues; therefore, consequent to their recognition the immune system becomes activated to ensure their elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute a family of receptors specialized in the recognition of molecular patterns typically associated with infectious agents. Different TLRs exist, each selective for molecular entities and motifs belonging to a specific pathogen group. Consequently, it is thought that the molecular nature of invading microorganisms activates specific TLRs to drive adequate anti-infectious immunity. For instance, nucleic acid-specific, intracellular receptors (TLR3/7/8/9) are used to sense viruses and drive antiviral immunity, while other receptors (such as TLR2 and TLR4) recognize and promote immunity against bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Yet, it is becoming evident that activation of TLR pathways trigger mechanisms that not only stimulate but also regulate the immune system. For instance, TLR stimulation by viruses will drive antiviral interferon but also immunoregulatory cytokine production and regulatory T cell activation. Stimulation of TLRs by bacteria or using molecular agonists can also trigger both immune stimulatory and regulatory responses. TLR stimulation by infectious agents likely serves to activate but also control anti-infectious immunity, for instance prevent potential immunopathological tissue damage which can be caused by acute immune defense mechanisms. Previous work by us and others has shown that the immunoregulatory arm of TLR stimulation can additionally help control autoreactive processes in autoimmune disease. Hence, it is becoming established that gut commensals, which also play a crucial part in the control of autoimmune disease, establish immune regulatory mechanisms through activation of particular TLRs. In sum, it appears that TLRs are key immune players that not only stimulate but also regulate immune processes in health and disease. In this Research Topic, we wish to review the dual role of TLRs as activators and regulators of immune responses. We aim to motivate data-driven opinions as to the importance of context of TLR agonism for determining immune activation vs. regulation. The presentation of ongoing original works, as well as data and opinions around other innate immune receptors pertaining to this topic, are also encouraged.

Infection --- Toll-Like Receptors --- Probiotics --- Immune stimulation --- Immunoregulation --- Autoimmune Diseases --- cancer immunotherapy --- Inflammation --- microbiome --- tolerance

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The innate immune system has evolved means to recognize and react suitably to foreign entities such as infectious agents. In many cases infectious microorganisms threaten the integrity and function of the target organs or tissues; therefore, consequent to their recognition the immune system becomes activated to ensure their elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute a family of receptors specialized in the recognition of molecular patterns typically associated with infectious agents. Different TLRs exist, each selective for molecular entities and motifs belonging to a specific pathogen group. Consequently, it is thought that the molecular nature of invading microorganisms activates specific TLRs to drive adequate anti-infectious immunity. For instance, nucleic acid-specific, intracellular receptors (TLR3/7/8/9) are used to sense viruses and drive antiviral immunity, while other receptors (such as TLR2 and TLR4) recognize and promote immunity against bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Yet, it is becoming evident that activation of TLR pathways trigger mechanisms that not only stimulate but also regulate the immune system. For instance, TLR stimulation by viruses will drive antiviral interferon but also immunoregulatory cytokine production and regulatory T cell activation. Stimulation of TLRs by bacteria or using molecular agonists can also trigger both immune stimulatory and regulatory responses. TLR stimulation by infectious agents likely serves to activate but also control anti-infectious immunity, for instance prevent potential immunopathological tissue damage which can be caused by acute immune defense mechanisms. Previous work by us and others has shown that the immunoregulatory arm of TLR stimulation can additionally help control autoreactive processes in autoimmune disease. Hence, it is becoming established that gut commensals, which also play a crucial part in the control of autoimmune disease, establish immune regulatory mechanisms through activation of particular TLRs. In sum, it appears that TLRs are key immune players that not only stimulate but also regulate immune processes in health and disease. In this Research Topic, we wish to review the dual role of TLRs as activators and regulators of immune responses. We aim to motivate data-driven opinions as to the importance of context of TLR agonism for determining immune activation vs. regulation. The presentation of ongoing original works, as well as data and opinions around other innate immune receptors pertaining to this topic, are also encouraged.

Infection --- Toll-Like Receptors --- Probiotics --- Immune stimulation --- Immunoregulation --- Autoimmune Diseases --- cancer immunotherapy --- Inflammation --- microbiome --- tolerance --- Infection --- Toll-Like Receptors --- Probiotics --- Immune stimulation --- Immunoregulation --- Autoimmune Diseases --- cancer immunotherapy --- Inflammation --- microbiome --- tolerance

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Ces dernières années, l'évolution au sein de l’industrie chimique a conduit à l'interdiction de réactions chimiques considérablement dangereuses afin d'éviter des accidents graves, en particulier pour les procédés à grande échelle. L'émergence actuelle des technologies relatives à la chimie en flux continu a complètement redéfini la façon dont sont abordés ce type de procédures et a permis la renaissance de réactions autrefois considérées comme trop dangereuses en permettant le développement de procédés plus sûrs. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes attaqués à la valorisation de divers dérivés (poly)alcools avec des réactifs ou des intermédiaires particulièrement sensibles, corrosifs et/ou toxiques en mettant en œuvre, au sein des procédés, des outils et des protocoles plus sûrs qui permettent la production efficace et rapide de divers produits finaux à haute valeur ajoutée. Deux thèmes principaux sont abordés ici, à savoir la valorisation de molécules biosourcées et l’emploi d’espèces organophosphorées (et eventuellement chlorées). Les différents programmes de recherche portant sur ces deux thèmes ont permis de produire en toute sécurité des médicaments cardiovasculaires et chimiothérapeutiques essentiels, des polymères ayant des applications biomédicales et ignifuges et d’importants ligands employés en catalyse asymétrique en utilisant des réacteurs à flux continu.