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At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth’s magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell’s newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland’s ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the Earth’s atmosphere. Faced with the depleting stocks of Chilean saltpeter and the consequent prospect of mass starvation, Birkeland showed his practical side, inventing the first industrial scale method to extract nitrogen-based fertilizers from the air. Norsk Hydro, one of modern Norway’s largest industries, stands as a living tribute to his genius. Hoping to demonstrate what we now call the solar wind, Birkeland moved to Egypt in 1913. Isolated from his friends by the Great War, Birkeland yearned to celebrate his 50th birthday in Norway. The only safe passage home, via the Far East, brought him to Tokyo where in the late spring of 1917 he passed away.
Astronomers --- Scientists --- Birkeland, Kr. --- Professional employees --- Physical scientists --- Birkeland, Kristian, --- Birkeland, Olaf Kristian Bernhard, --- Astronomy. --- History. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- History, general. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Astrophysics. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics
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This biography summarizes the seminal contributions to auroral and space science of Carl Størmer (1874 - 1957). He was the first to develop precise photographic methods to calculate heights and morphologies of diverse auroral forms during four solar cycles. Størmer independently devised numerical techniques to determine the trajectories of high-energy charged particles allowed and forbidden in the Earth’s magnetic field. His theoretical analyses explained cosmic ray access to the upper atmosphere, 20 years before they were identified by other scientists. Størmer’s crowning achievement, “The Polar Aurora,” published when he was 81 years old, stands to this day as a regularly cited guide in graduate-level courses on space physics. The authors present the life of this prodigious scientist in relation to the cultural life of early 20th century in Norway and to the development of the space sciences in the post-Sputnik era.
Marketing channels -- Management. --- Auroras --- Space sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Auroras. --- Størmer, Carl, --- Aurora australis --- Aurora borealis --- Northern lights --- Polar lights --- Størmer, Fredrik Carl Mülertz, --- Astrophysics. --- Astronomy. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Atmospheric physics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Physics. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Strmer, Carl,
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Science --- Cosmology --- Astrophysics --- History --- astrofysica --- popularisering wetenschap --- geschiedenis --- astronomie --- kosmologie
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This biography summarizes the seminal contributions to auroral and space science of Carl Størmer (1874 - 1957). He was the first to develop precise photographic methods to calculate heights and morphologies of diverse auroral forms during four solar cycles. Størmer independently devised numerical techniques to determine the trajectories of high-energy charged particles allowed and forbidden in the Earth’s magnetic field. His theoretical analyses explained cosmic ray access to the upper atmosphere, 20 years before they were identified by other scientists. Størmer’s crowning achievement, “The Polar Aurora,” published when he was 81 years old, stands to this day as a regularly cited guide in graduate-level courses on space physics. The authors present the life of this prodigious scientist in relation to the cultural life of early 20th century in Norway and to the development of the space sciences in the post-Sputnik era.
Science --- Space research --- Astrophysics --- History of physics --- Physics --- astrofysica --- popularisering wetenschap --- fysica --- ruimte (astronomie) --- ruimtevaart --- astronomie
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At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth's magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell's newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland's ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the Earth's atmosphere. Faced with the depleting stocks of Chilean saltpeter and the consequent prospect of mass starvation, Birkeland showed his practical side, inventing the first industrial scale method to extract nitrogen-based fertilizers from the air. Norsk Hydro, one of modern Norway's largest industries, stands as a living tribute to his genius. Hoping to demonstrate what we now call the solar wind, Birkeland moved to Egypt in 1913. Isolated from his friends by the Great War, Birkeland yearned to celebrate his 50th birthday in Norway. The only safe passage home, via the Far East, brought him to Tokyo where in the late spring of 1917 he passed away.
Science --- Cosmology --- Astrophysics --- History --- astrofysica --- popularisering wetenschap --- geschiedenis --- astronomie --- kosmologie
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Brain --- Central nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Aged --- Brain Diseases --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Aging --- Congresses --- Diseases --- Age factors --- Congresses --- Congresses
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