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Ninety years after the discovery of human influenza virus, Modern Flu traces the history of this breakthrough and its implications for understanding and controlling influenza ever since. Examining how influenza came to be defined as a viral disease in the first half of the twentieth century, it argues that influenza’s viral identity did not suddenly appear with the discovery of the first human influenza virus in 1933. Instead, it was rooted in the development of medical virus research and virological ways of knowing that grew out of a half-century of changes and innovations in medical science that were shaped through two influenza pandemics, two world wars, and by state-sponsored programs to scientifically modernise British medicine. A series of transformations, in which virological ideas and practices were aligned with and incorporated into medicine and public health, underpinned the viralisation of influenza in the 1930s and 1940s. Collaboration, conflict and exchange between researchers, medical professionals and governmental bodies lay at the heart of this process. This book is a history of how virus researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists, medical scientific and public health bodies, and institutions, and philanthropies in Britain, the USA and beyond, forged a new medical consensus on the identity and nature of influenza. Shedding new light on the modern history of influenza, this book is a timely account of how ways of knowing and controlling this intractable epidemic disease became viral. Michael Bresalier is Lecturer in the History of Medicine and co-director of the Medical Humanities Research Centre at Swansea University, in the UK.

History, Modern. --- Modern History.

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This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book breaks new ground by situating animals and their diseases at the very heart of modern medicine. In demonstrating their historical significance as subjects and shapers of medicine, it offers important insights into past animal lives, and reveals that what we think of as ‘human’ medicine was in fact deeply zoological. Each chapter analyses an important episode in which animals changed and were changed by medicine. Ranging across the animal inhabitants of Britain’s zoos, sick sheep on Scottish farms, unproductive livestock in developing countries, and the tapeworms of California and Beirut, they illuminate the multi-species dimensions of modern medicine and its rich historical connections with biology, zoology, agriculture and veterinary medicine. The modern movement for One Health – whose history is also analyzed – is therefore revealed as just the latest attempt to improve health by working across species and disciplines. This book will appeal to historians of animals, science and medicine, to those involved in the promotion and practice of One Health today.

History. --- History, Modern. --- Social history. --- Medicine --- History of Science. --- History of Medicine. --- Modern History. --- Animal Welfare/Animal Ethics. --- Social History. --- Descriptive sociology --- Social conditions --- Social history --- Modern history --- World history, Modern --- Annals --- History --- Sociology --- World history --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Medicine. --- Animal welfare. --- Abuse of animals --- Animal cruelty --- Animals --- Animals, Cruelty to --- Animals, Protection of --- Animals, Treatment of --- Cruelty to animals --- Humane treatment of animals --- Kindness to animals --- Mistreatment of animals --- Neglect of animals --- Prevention of cruelty to animals --- Protection of animals --- Treatment of animals --- Welfare, Animal --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Abuse of --- Social aspects --- Health Workforce --- Medicine—History. --- History of Science --- History of Medicine --- Modern History --- Animal Welfare/Animal Ethics --- Social History --- Animal Ethics --- Human health --- Medical research --- Biomedicine --- Animal testing --- Drug development --- One Health --- Public Health --- Zoological gardens --- Diseased Sheep --- Tuberculosis --- rickets --- inter-war medicine --- Calvin W. Schwabe --- Echinococcus tapeworm --- Healthy Cows --- Parasitological Pursuit --- Open Access --- Veterinary medicine --- Bioethics --- Social & cultural history --- Diseases --- Animal models. --- Animal disease models --- Disease models, Animal --- Animal models in research --- Medicine, Comparative --- Medicine, Experimental --- Pathology, Comparative --- Pathology, Experimental --- Animal kingdom --- Beasts --- Fauna --- Native animals --- Native fauna --- Wild animals --- Wildlife --- Organisms --- Human-animal relationships --- Zoology