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Agriculture --- Ajustement structurel (Economie) --- Innovations --- Aspect économique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.342.1 --- Landbouw in de Derde Wereld. --- Landbouw in de Derde Wereld --- Agriculture - Innovations - Aspect économique - Pays en voie de développement --- Ajustement structurel (Economie) - Pays en voie de développement

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The signature of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), which entered into force on 1st January, 1995, marked a turning point in efforts to strengthen and extend intellectual property protection. Under the terms of the Agreement, many developing countries are now committed to extending the scope of intellectual property rights to areas not formerly covered, such as micro-organisms, plant genetic material and techniques used for genetic manipulation. While the likely impact of strengthening intellectual property protection is a subject of intense debate and, indeed, has been at the forefront of preoccupations related to environmental degradation and the need to protect biodiversity, it is poorly researched. This paper reviews the different forms and scope of intellectual property rights relevant to technology transfer in agriculture; reviews the commitments made by developing countries under the TRIPS agreement and the alternatives ...

Development

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• La biotechnologie offre des possibilités d'agriculture plus écologique, mais il reste à créer les conditions qui permettront aux pays en développement d'en tirer parti. • L'intervention du gouvernement doit garantir l'adéquation de la biotechnologie aux priorités fixées pour l'agriculture. • Des décisions urgentes sont à prendre dans deux domaines particuliers de la biotechnologie : la biosécurité et les droits de propriété intellectuelle. • Les réductions budgétaires exigent la mise en place de stratégies novatrices et d'un partenariat des secteurs public et privé. • La faculté d'adaptation et l'engagement à long terme sont essentiels à la réussite des programmes de biotechnologie financés par des donneurs.

Development

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• Biotechnology offers the potential for more environmentally-friendly agriculture but the conditions for developing countries to take advantage of that potential should be created. • Policy intervention is needed to ensure that biotechnology responds to the priorities set for agriculture. • Decisions are urgently needed in two policy areas specific to biotechnology: biosafety and intellectual property rights. • Public funding restrictions demand innovative approaches and public/private partnerships. • Flexibility and long-term commitment are essential if donor-supported biotechnology initiatives are to succeed.

Development

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This study examines the potential impact of changes in the public/private sector balance for biotechnology development and diffusion in developing country agriculture. It focuses on biotechnology related to two important developing country crops: rice and cocoa. The study highlights the differences in the ways in which research on the two crops is organised, at both national and international level, in the financial and scientific resources devoted to research and in the public and private actors involved. It stresses the need for government intervention in setting national research priorities and for innovative institutional arrangements — including public/private sector collaboration — in situations where public research funding has been reduced or is increasingly scarce ...

Development