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Researchers explore the literature on race and ethnicity (R/E) in relation to U.S. military service member well-being in the areas of mental health, behavioral health, family violence, marital satisfaction, and financial stress to uncover whether past research has focused on R/E differences in outcomes as a driving research question; the variables used to capture R/E; and the quality of research in terms of design, data, and analysis. The Department of Defense (DoD) has expressed commitment to improving diversity and inclusion in the military. If leaders seek to do this based on existing evidence, they will find that information about how R/E intersects with the well-being of service members and their families is extremely limited. DoD should consider developing a deliberate, strategic, and comprehensive research agenda on R/E diversity in service member and family well-being outcomes. This will help DoD identify where differences exist and where policies and programs can address those gaps.