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Master Nicholas of Amsterdam was a prominent master of arts in Germany during the first half of the fifteenth century. He composed various commentaries on Aristotle's works. One of these commentaries is on the 'logica vetus', the old logic, viz. on Porphyry's 'Isagoge' and on Aristotle's 'Categories' and 'On Interpretation'. This commentary is edited and introduced here. Nicholas is a 'modernus' - as opposed to the 'antiqui', who were realists - which means that he is a conceptualist belonging to the university tradition that accepted John Buridan (ca. 1300-1360 or 1361) and Marsilius of Inghen (ca. 1340-1396) as its masters. In medieval philosophy, a parallel between thinking and reality is generally upheld. Nicholas makes a sharp distinction between the two; this may be interpreted as a step towards a separation between the two realms, as is common in philosophy in later centuries. Other characteristics of Nicholas are that he defends the position that science has its place in a proposition, and does not simply follow reality. Furthermore, he emphasizes the part played by individual things. Master Nicholas of Amsterdam was a prominent master of arts in Germany during the first half of the fifteenth century. He composed various commentaries on Aristotle's works. One of these commentaries is on the logica vetus, the old logic, viz. on Porphyry's Isagoge and on Aristotle's Categories and On Interpretation. This commentary is edited and introduced here. Nicholas is a 'modernus' - as opposed to the 'antiqui', who were realists - which means that he is a conceptualist belonging to the university tradition that accepted John Buridan (ca. 1300-1360 or 1361) and Marsilius of Inghen (ca. 1340-1396) as its masters. In medieval philosophy, a parallel between thinking and reality is generally upheld. Nicholas makes a sharp distinction between the two; this may be interpreted as a step towards a separation between the two realms, as is common in philosophy in later centuries. Other characteristics of Nicholas are that he defends the position that science has its place in a proposition, and does not simply follow reality. Furthermore, he emphasizes the part played by individual things. Fifteenth-century philosophy has hardly been studied, mainly because that century has long been considered unoriginal. Nicholas of Amsterdam certainly deserves the historian's interest in order to evaluate how medieval philosophy prepared the way for modern philosophy.

Logic, Medieval --- Logic, Ancient --- Aristotle. --- Porphyry, --- Logique médiévale --- Logique antique --- Aristote, --- Porphyre, --- Aristote --- Porphyre --- Logique médiévale. --- Logique antique. --- Aristotle. - Categoriae --- Aristotle. - De interpretatione --- Porphyry, - approximately 234-approxiamtely 305. - Isagoge --- Logique médiévale.

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How advanced students in the 15th century learned to understand Latin with the help of Middle Dutch becomes clear in Master Simon’s (?) commentary in the form of questions on the famous medieval didactical poem on grammar Doctinale of Alexander de Villa Dei. The master discusses notions such as the six cases of Latin (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and ablative), construction, impediments of construction, and participles. The author has a conceptualist approach of language and criticizes interpretations by realists (Modists). He refers to other important medieval grammars, viz. Commentary on Priscian attributed to Peter Helias, Compendium de modis significandi attributed to Thomas of Erfurt, the Metrista, the Regulae Puerorum and the Florista .

Latin language --- Grammar --- Study and teaching --- Alexander, --- Latijn (Taal) [Middeleeuws en modern ] --- Studie en onderwijs --- Alexander de Villa Dei

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Logic --- -Semantics --- -#GROL:SEMI-1-05'13' --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Early works to 1800 --- Methodology --- Semantics --- Early works to 1800. --- #GROL:SEMI-1-05'13' --- Marsile d'Inghen. --- Logic - Early works to 1800. --- Semantics - Early works to 1800. --- Marsilius van Inghen.

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Logic --- Logic, Medieval. --- Logic, Modern --- Logic, Modern --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Logique --- Logique médiévale --- Logique --- Logique --- Sémantique (Philosophie) --- History --- Histoire