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OUTER SPACE --- EXPLORATION --- OUTER SPACE --- EXPLORATION --- HISTORY

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This book is the result of a working group sponsored by ISSI in Bern, which was initially created to study possible ways to calibrate a Far Ultraviolet (FUV) instrument after launch. In most cases, ultraviolet instruments are well calibrated on the ground, but unfortunately, optics and detectors in the FUV are very sensitive to contaminants and it is very challenging to prevent contamination before and during the test and launch sequences of a space mission. Therefore, ground calibrations need to be confirmed after launch and it is necessary to keep track of the temporal evolution of the sensitivity of the instrument during the mission. The studies presented here cover various fields of FUV spectroscopy with the exclusion of direct solar UV spectroscopy, including a catalog of stellar spectra, data-sets of lunar Irradiance, observations of comets and measurements of the interplanetary background. Detailed modeling of the interplanetary background is presented as well. This work also includes comparisons of older data-sets with current ones. This raises the question of the consistency of the existing data-sets. Previous experiments have been calibrated independently and comparison of the data-sets may lead to inconsistencies. The authors have tried to check that possibility in the data-sets and when relevant, suggest a correction factor for the corresponding data.

Space research --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy --- Physics --- Optics. Quantum optics --- Theoretical spectroscopy. Spectroscopic techniques --- astrofysica --- spectroscopie --- microscopie --- fysica --- ruimtevaart --- astronomie

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SOLAR ATMOSPHERE --- SOLAR CHROMOSPHERE --- SUN --- CORONA --- SOLAR ATMOSPHERE --- SOLAR CHROMOSPHERE --- SUN --- CORONA

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ESA’s Venus Express Mission has monitored Venus since April 2006, and scientists worldwide have used mathematical models to investigate its atmosphere and model its circulation. This book summarizes recent work to explore and understand the climate of the planet through a research program under the auspices of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. Some of the unique elements that are discussed are the anomalies with Venus’ surface temperature (the huge greenhouse effect causes the surface to rise to 460°C, without which would plummet as low as -40°C), its unusual lack of solar radiation (despite being closer to the Sun, Venus receives less solar radiation than Earth due to its dense cloud cover reflecting 76% back) and the juxtaposition of its atmosphere and planetary rotation (wind speeds can climb up to 200 m/s, much faster than Venus’ sidereal day of 243 Earth-days).

Space research --- Solar system --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy --- Physics --- zonnestelsel --- astrofysica --- fysica --- planeten --- ruimtevaart --- astronomie --- Vénus (planète) --- Climatologie des planètes --- Atmosphère. --- Modèles mathématiques. --- Simulation, Méthodes de. --- Venus (Planet) --- Atmosphere. --- Meteorology. --- Climate --- Simulation methods. --- Mathematical models.

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This book describes prominent technological achievements within a very successful space science mission: the Herschel space observatory. Focusing on the various processes of innovation it offers an analysis and discussion of the social, technological and scientific context of the mission that paved the way to its development. It addresses the key question raised by these processes in our modern society, i.e.: how knowledge management of innovation set the conditions for inventing the future? In that respect the book is based on a transdisciplinary analysis of the programmatic complexity of Herschel, with inputs from space scientists, managers, philosophers, and engineers. This book is addressed to decision makers, not only in space science, but also in other industries and sciences using or building large machines. It is also addressed to space engineers and scientists as well as students in science and management.

Physics. --- Knowledge management. --- Management. --- Industrial management. --- Philosophy. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Aerospace engineering. --- Astronautics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Innovation/Technology Management. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Knowledge Management. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Philosophy of Technology. --- Observations. --- Space vehicles --- Design and construction. --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Astrophysics. --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Management of knowledge assets --- Management --- Information technology --- Intellectual capital --- Organizational learning --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Space sciences. --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Business --- Industrial organization --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Technological innovations. --- Solar system. --- Technology --- Innovation and Technology Management. --- Space Physics. --- Technology and civilization --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer