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The circumstances that will shape the long-term future of our planet will be constrained by what is physically possible and what is not. This full color book provides a quantitative view of our civilization over the next 100,000 years, in comparison to the 40-60,000 years it took for modern humans to emerge from Africa, on the basis of contemporary scientific and technological knowledge. The evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere and the origin of water are highlighted as the most important factors for the emergence and the development of life. The authors consider both cosmic and natural hazards, pointing out that scientific information provided by satellites and communication systems on the ground could prevent many unnecessary casualties by forward planning and the installation of elementary precautions. The Earth’s evolving climate is considered, showing how greenhouse gases have played an important role in the past climate, whereas human industrial and agricultural emissions will greatly impact our future.

Physics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Climate Change. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Astronomy. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Climatic changes. --- Physique --- Astronomie --- Energies renouvelables --- Climat --- Changements --- Civilization --Forecasting. --- Forecasting. --- Forecasting --- Civilization --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- History & Archaeology --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astronomy - General --- History - General --- Forecasts --- Futurology --- Prediction --- Barbarism --- Civilisation --- Renewable energy resources. --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Climate change. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Green energy industries --- Energy industries --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Dynamics --- Environmental aspects --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- World Decade for Cultural Development, 1988-1997 --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- End of the world (Astronomy) --- Human ecology. --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- End of the earth (Astronomy) --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on

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Space research --- Solar system --- Astrophysics --- Meteorology. Climatology --- zonnestelsel --- astrofysica --- klimatologie --- meteorologie --- ruimte (astronomie) --- planeten

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This book gives a comprehensive presentation of our present understanding of the Earth's Hydrological cycle and the problems, consequences and impacts that go with this topic. Water is a central component in the Earth's system. It is indispensable for life on Earth in its present form and influences virtually every aspect of our planet's life support system. On relatively short time scales, atmospheric water vapor interacts with the atmospheric circulation and is crucial in forming the Earth's climate zones. Water vapor is the most powerful of the greenhouse gases and serves to enhance the tropospheric temperature. The dominant part of available water on Earth resides in the oceans. Parts are locked up in the land ice on Greenland and Antarctica and a smaller part is estimated to exist as groundwater. If all the ice over the land and all the glaciers were to melt, the sea level would rise by some 80 m. In comparison, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is small; it amounts to ~ 25 kg/m2, or the equivalent of 25 mm water for each column of air. Yet atmospheric water vapor is crucial for the Earth’s energy balance. The book gives an up to date presentation of the present knowledge. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 35, No. 3, 2014.

Hydrosphere --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- milieukunde --- gletsjers --- milieu --- geografie --- grondwater --- oceanografie --- atmosfeer --- klimaatverandering --- Greenland