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Obesity, which has increased in most developed countries in the past few decades, is the result of genetics, environment, and individual choices. Economics is useful for studying the individual choices that lead to obesity, explanations for the recent rise in obesity, the treatment options for obesity, and the costs and consequences of obesity for the individual and society. The papers in this volume, devoted to the economics of obesity, illustrate the wide usefulness of the economic approach. The papers in the first section propose and test economic explanations for food-consumption choices and obesity. In particular, they assess the impact of food quality, access to fast food, food prices, legislation, and other factors on diet, physical activity, and body weight. Treatments for obesity, specifically bariatric surgery and anti-obesity drugs, are studied in the second section of this volume.The third section is devoted to the labor market impacts of obesity; evidence from fifteen countries is presented and evaluated. The fourth and final section calculates the impact of obesity on hospital costs and examines the externalities imposed by obesity through health insurance. Taken together, the papers in this volume advance the frontier of knowledge about the causes, implications, and consequences of obesity, and validate the usefulness of the economic approach for studying obesity in particular and medical conditions more generally. This book studies obesity from an economic perspective. It proposes economic explanation for food consumption choices, treatment of obesity, and treatment of the condition. It's international in scope, providing evidence from 15 countries.

Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Pathology of the metabolism --- Obesity --- Overweight persons --- Corpulent persons --- Fat persons --- Large persons --- Obese persons --- Persons --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Overweight --- Body weight --- Metabolism --- Nutrition disorders --- Mathematical models. --- Economic aspects. --- Employment. --- Patients --- Disorders --- Business & Economics --- Technology & Engineering --- Health economics. --- Social issues & processes. --- Obesity. --- Economics --- General. --- Industrial Health & Safety.

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Measurements of individual benefits of different health and medical interventions are fundamental for prioritizing among different alternative uses of resources in the healthcare sector. While psychometric measures do not necessarily provide information sufficient for assigning relative values to different health states, preference-based approaches produce measures that allow comparisons of such values. In this volume of the series of Advances in health economics and health services research, entitled Preference measurement in health, the papers cover altruism within families, differences in risk attitudes, and estimation of health benefits of food safety. Specific topics include efficiency and altruism, comparison of mother and daughter values of HPV vaccination for daughters, differences in risk attitudes between women and men, how context matters in valuing food safety programs, and valuation of health risks associated with pesticide use.

Medical economics. --- Medical care --- Evaluation. --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medicine --- Economic aspects --- Medical economics --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Patient Care Management --- Economics --- Patient Satisfaction --- Social Behavior --- Thinking --- Behavior --- Patient Acceptance of Health Care --- Consumer Behavior --- Mental Processes --- Delivery of Health Care --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Services Administration --- Public Relations --- Attitude to Health --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Organization and Administration --- Altruism --- Patient Preference --- Decision Making --- Evaluation --- E-books --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Critical Thinking --- Thinking Skills --- Thought --- Thinking Skill --- Thinking, Critical --- Thoughts --- Behavior, Social --- Behaviors, Social --- Social Behaviors --- Satisfaction, Patient --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Citizen Science --- Problem Solving --- Medical Economics --- Patient Preferences --- Preference, Patient --- Preferences, Patient --- Humanitarianism --- Beneficence --- Gift Giving --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Health Attitude --- Attitude, Health --- Attitudes, Health --- Health Attitudes --- Health, Attitude to --- Public Opinion --- Client-Staff Relations --- Relations, Client-Staff --- Relations, Public --- Client Staff Relations --- Client-Staff Relation --- Relation, Client-Staff --- Relations, Client Staff --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Consumer Preference --- Consumer Satisfaction --- Behavior, Consumer --- Behaviors, Consumer --- Consumer Behaviors --- Consumer Preferences --- Preference, Consumer --- Preferences, Consumer --- Satisfaction, Consumer --- Acceptability of Healthcare --- Acceptors of Health Care --- Health Care Utilization --- Nonacceptors of Health Care --- Patient Acceptance of Healthcare --- Acceptability of Health Care --- Health Care Seeking Behavior --- Care Acceptor, Health --- Care Acceptors, Health --- Care Nonacceptor, Health --- Care Nonacceptors, Health --- Health Care Acceptability --- Health Care Acceptor --- Health Care Acceptors --- Health Care Nonacceptor --- Health Care Nonacceptors --- Healthcare Acceptabilities --- Healthcare Acceptability --- Healthcare Patient Acceptance --- Healthcare Patient Acceptances --- Utilization, Health Care --- economics --- organization & administration --- Prosocial Behavior --- Behavior, Prosocial --- Behaviors, Prosocial --- Prosocial Behaviors --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Sociality --- Sociology of health --- Medical --- Business & Economics --- Health economics. --- Health systems & services. --- Allied Health Services --- General. --- Public Finance. --- Credit Assignment --- Assignment, Credit --- Assignments, Credit --- Credit Assignments

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Several past studies have found health risk to be negatively correlated with the probability of voluntary health insurance. This is contrary to what one would expect from standard textbook models of adverse selection and moral hazard. The two most common explanations to the counter-intuitive result are either (1) that risk-aversion is correlated with health — i.e. that healthier individuals are also more risk-averse — or (2) that insurers are able to discriminate among customers based on observable health-risk characteristics. We revisited these arguments, using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Self-assessed health served as an indicator of risk: better health, lower risk. We did, indeed, observe a negative correlation between risk and insurance but found no evidence of heterogeneous risk-preferences as an explanation to our finding.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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We analysed the relative importance of individual versus institutional factors in explaining variations in the utilisation of physician services among the 50+ in ten European countries. The importance of the latter was investigated, distinguishing between organisational (explicit) and cultural (implicit) institutional factors, by analysing the influence of supply side factors, such as physician density and physician reimbursement, and demand side factors, such as co-payment and gate-keeping, while controlling for a number of individual characteristics, using cross-national individual-level data from SHARE. Individual differences in health status accounted for about 50 percent of the between-country variation in physician visits, while the organisational and cultural factors considered each account for about 15 percent of the variation. The organisational variables showed the expected signs, with higher physician density being associated with more visits and higher co-payment, gate-keeping, and salary reimbursement being associated with less visits. When analysing specialist visits separately, however, organisational and cultural factors played a greater role, each accounting for about 30 percent of the between-country variation, whereas individual health differences only accounted for 1 percent of the variation.