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This paper develops a new methodology for calculating the "carbon footprint" of air travel whereby emissions from travel in premium (business and first) classes depend heavily on the average class-specific occupied floor space. Unlike methods currently used for the purpose, the approach properly accounts for the fact that the relative number of passenger seats in economy and premium classes is endogenous in the longer term, so adding one additional premium trip crowds out more than one economy trip on any particular flight. It also shows how these differences in carbon attributable to different classes of travel in a carbon footprint calculation correspond to how carbon surcharges on different classes of travel would differ if carbon emissions from international aviation were taxed given a competitive aviation sector globally. The paper shows how this approach affects carbon footprint calculations by applying it to World Bank staff travel for calendar year 2009.
Airline fuel consumption --- Carbon footprints --- Carbon taxes --- Class-specific seating arrangements --- Energy --- Environment
Book
ISBN: 0821384562 0821386050 9780821384565 9780821386057 9786613065995 1283065991 Year: 2011 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank,
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This book presents and analyzes the results of a comprehensive collection of data on the extent and condition of transport infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa, identifies the reasons for poor performance, and estimates future financing needs.The transport facilities of Sub-Saharan Africa were built primarily for the colonial exploitation of mineral and agricultural resources. The chief goal of road and rail networks was to link mines, plantations, and other sites for the exploitation and transformation on natural resources to ports, rather than to provide general connectivity within the regio
Economic infrastructure --- Transport. Traffic --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Infrastructure (Economics) --Africa. --- Transportation --Africa. --- Transportation --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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Handling charges in Caribbean ports are two to three times higher than in similar ports in other regions of the world. In some cases, it costs significantly less to ship a container to Hong Kong SAR, China, or Europe than it does to ship to a ne
Benchmarking --- Efficiency --- Island States --- Maritime Traffic --- Port Capacity --- Port Performance --- Small Economies --- Stochastic Frontiers
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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Every discussion of the Caribbean states considers their characteristics as sea-locked countries, small economies, highly vulnerable to natural disasters, and a geographic platform that calls for regional cooperation and integration. The Caribbe
Accessibility --- Air Traffic --- Competition --- Connectivity --- Island States --- Maritime Traffic --- Small Economies --- Tourism --- Trade
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