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Bedding. --- Behaviour. --- Chicks. --- Feather-pecking. --- Floor. --- Hen. --- Housing.

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Abnormal behaviour. --- Behavior. --- Cattle. --- Diseases. --- Production. --- Stress.

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Behaviour. --- Calves. --- Cortisol. --- Cow. --- Cows. --- Dairy cow. --- Dairy-cows. --- Heart rate. --- Heart-rate. --- Plasma-cortisol. --- Plasma. --- Separation.

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To achieve optimal performance in equine sports as well as in leisure not only the physical abilities of the horse should be considered, but also the horse's personality. Besides temperamental aspects, like emotionality, or the horse's reactivity towards humans in handling situations, the learning ability of the horse is another relevant personality trait. To study whether differences in learning performance are consistent over time and whether individual learning performance differs between learning tests or is affected by emotionality, 39 young horses (Dutch Warmblood) were tested repeatedly in two learning tests. An aversive stimulus (AS) was used in one learning test (the avoidance learning test) and a reward was used in the other learning test (the reward learning test). During both learning tests behaviour as well as heart rate were measured. Each test was executed four times, twice when horses were 1 year of age, and twice when they were 2 years of age. Half of the horses received additional physical training from 6 months onwards. In both tests horses could be classified as either performers, i.e. completing the daily session, or as non-performers, i.e. returning to the home environment without having completed the daily session. There were some indications that emotionality might have caused non-performing behaviour, but these indications are not convincing enough to exclude other causes. Furthermore, there seem to be no simple relationships between measures of heart rate, behavioural responses putatively related to emotionality and learning performance. Horses revealed consistent individual learning performances within years in both tests, and in the avoidance learning test also between years. There was no significant correlation between learning performances in the avoidance learning test and the learning performances in the reward learning test. It is concluded that individual learning abilities are consistent over a short time interval for an avoidan

Ability. --- Age. --- Avoidance learning. --- Avoidance. --- Behaviour. --- Design. --- Emotionality. --- Environment. --- Equine. --- Handling. --- Heart rate. --- Heart-rate. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Learning ability. --- Learning-ability. --- Learning. --- Method. --- Performance. --- Personality. --- Physical. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Reward. --- Situations. --- Stimulus. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time. --- Training. --- Young.