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Biodiversity conservation --- Environmental policy --- Biodiversité --- Environnement --- Conservation --- Politique gouvernementale
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Sri Lanka achieved middle-income-country status in January 2010, on the strenght of of the economic growth fueled by the liberalization policy introduced in the late 1970s and pursued albeit unevenly in the following years. To continue growing, however, Sri Lanka needs to pay attention to its much neglected infrastructure. Accordingly, this report, aims to provide policy makers in Sri Lanka with a sound analytical basis for prioritizing investments and designing policy interventions that result in the mobilization of funds and their effective use for future development of Sri Lankas infrastructure, and also to improve understanding of the infrastructure sectors in Sri Lanka, including their current state and performance, future development needs, investment requirements and financing gaps, and bottlenecks to infrastructure development.The report assesses the countrys infrastructure endowment and performance, analyzes the contribution of infrastructure to economic and spatial development, and outlines investment needs and strategic priorities within those established by the Mahinda Chintana. It provides a cross-sectoral analysis of the major infrastructure cross-cutting themes including the link between infrastructure and poverty reduction and economic growth; the institutional and regulatory framework; the main issues regarding planning, coordination, and financing; and the role and constraints of private sector participation in infrastructure financing and service provision. It identifies bottlenecks to economic growth and considers policy issues to address them.
Economic development --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Public investments --- Government policy --- Government investments --- Investments, Public --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Expenditures, Public --- Investments --- Capital budget --- Economic development projects --- Investment of public funds --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Finance
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Policy makers are often confronted with a myriad of factors in the investment decision-making process. This issue is particularly acute in infrastructure investment decisions, as these often involve significant financial resources and lock-in technologies. In regions and countries where the infrastructure access gap is large and pubic budgets severely constrained, the importance of considering the different facets of the decision-making process becomes even more relevant. This paper discusses the trade-offs policy makers confront when attempting to prioritize infrastructure investments, in particular with regard to economic growth and welfare, and proposes a methodological framework for prioritizing infrastructure projects and portfolios that holistically equates such trade-offs, among others. The analysis suggests that it is not desirable to have a single methodology, providing a single ranking of infrastructure investments, because of the complexities of infrastructure investments. Rather, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken. Decision makers will also need to account for factors that are often not easily measured. While having techniques that enable logical frameworks in the decision-making process of establishing priorities is highly desirable, they are no substitute for consensus building and political negotiations.
Banks and banking reform --- Economic theory & research --- Finance and financial sector development --- Infrastructure economics and finance --- Infrastructure priorities --- Investment planning --- Macroeconomics and economic growth infrastructure economics --- Non bank financial institutions --- Policy & planning --- Public investment management --- Transport --- Transport economics
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If the South Asia region hopes to meet its development goals and not risk slowing down or even halting growth, poverty alleviation, and shared prosperity, it is essential to make closing its huge infrastructure gap a priority. Identifying and addressing gaps in the data on expenditure, access, and quality are crucial to ensuring that governments make efficient, practical, and effective infrastructure development choices. This study addresses this knowledge gap by focusing on the current status of infrastructure sectors and geographical disparities, real levels of investment and private sector participation, deficits and proper targets for the future, and bottlenecks to expansion. The findings show that the South Asia region needs to invest between USD 1.7 trillion and USD 2.5 trillion (at current prices) to close its infrastructure gap. If investments are spread evenly over the years until 2020, the region needs to invest between 6.6 and 9.9 percent of 2010 gross domestic product per year, an estimated increase of up to 3 percentage points from the 6.9 percent of gross domestic product invested in infrastructure by countries in the region in 2009. Given the enormous size of the region's infrastructure deficiencies, it will need a mix of investment in infrastructure stock and supportive reforms to close its infrastructure gap. One major challenge will be prioritizing investment needs. Another will be choosing optimal forms of service provision, including the private sector's role, and the decentralization of administrative functions and powers.
Economic Theory & Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financing --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Needs --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Prioritization --- Public Sector Development --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Water Supply and Sanitation
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The South Asia region is home to the largest pool of individuals living under the poverty line, coupled with a fast-growing population. The importance of access to basic infrastructure services on welfare and the quality of life is clear. Yet the South Asia region's rates of access to infrastructure (sanitation, electricity, telecom, and transport) are closer to those of Sub-Saharan Africa, the one exception being water, where the South Asia region is comparable to East Asia and the pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. The challenge of increasing access to these services across the South Asia region is compounded by the unequal distribution of existing access for households. This study improves understanding of this inequality by evaluating access across the region's physical (location), poverty, and income considerations. The paper also analyzes inequality of access across time, that is, across generations. It finds that while the regressivity of infrastructure services is clearly present in South Asia, the story that emerges is heterogeneous and complex. There is no simple explanation for these inequalities, although certainly geography matters, some household characteristics matter (like living in a rural area with a head of household who lacks education), and policy intent matters. If a poorer country or a poorer state can have better access to a given infrastructure service than in a richer country or a richer state, then there is hope that policy makers can adopt measures that will improve access in a manner in which prosperity is more widely shared.
Communities & Human Settlements --- Inequality --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Urban Development --- Urban Services to the Poor --- Urban Slums Upgrading
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This paper develops a dynamic model that explains the pattern of population and production allocation in an economy with an urban location and a rural one. Agglomeration economies make urban dwellers benefit from a larger population living in the city and urban firms become more productive when they operate in locations with a larger labor force. However, congestion costs associated with a too large population size limit the process of urban-rural transformation. Firms in the urban location also benefit from a public good that enhances their productivity. The model predicts that in the competitive equilibrium the urban location is inefficiently small because households fail to internalize the agglomeration economies and the positive effect of public goods in urban production.
Agglomeration Economies --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Congestion Costs --- Economic Theory & Research --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National Urban Development Policies & Strategies --- Population Policies --- Public Goods --- Rural-Urban Transformation --- Social Protections and Labor --- Urban Development --- Urban Housing and Land Settlements
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Policy makers are often confronted with a myriad of factors in the investment decision-making process. This issue is particularly acute in infrastructure investment decisions, as these often involve significant financial resources and lock-in technologies. In regions and countries where the infrastructure access gap is large and pubic budgets severely constrained, the importance of considering the different facets of the decision-making process becomes even more relevant. This paper discusses the trade-offs policy makers confront when attempting to prioritize infrastructure investments, in particular with regard to economic growth and welfare, and proposes a methodological framework for prioritizing infrastructure projects and portfolios that holistically equates such trade-offs, among others. The analysis suggests that it is not desirable to have a single methodology, providing a single ranking of infrastructure investments, because of the complexities of infrastructure investments. Rather, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken. Decision makers will also need to account for factors that are often not easily measured. While having techniques that enable logical frameworks in the decision-making process of establishing priorities is highly desirable, they are no substitute for consensus building and political negotiations.
Banks and banking reform --- Economic theory & research --- Finance and financial sector development --- Infrastructure economics and finance --- Infrastructure priorities --- Investment planning --- Macroeconomics and economic growth infrastructure economics --- Non bank financial institutions --- Policy & planning --- Public investment management --- Transport --- Transport economics
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The private provision of biodiversity products and services is proving to be quite feasible in some circumstances. Some biodiversity products and services are already being profitably marketed. Private markets also need to be supported by appropriate public policies. This publication provides a conceptual framework for market creation in the biodiversity policy arena, as well as several examples of where the use of markets can assist policy makers in the search for more sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity.
Biological diversity. --- Biological diversity conservation. --- Green marketing. --- Sustainable development. --- Wildlife products industry. --- Science. --- Natural history. --- Business. --- Environmental Studies. --- Biodiversity --- Biodiversity conservation --- Wildlife products industry --- Economic aspects. --- Marketing. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Animal industry --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Ecological marketing --- Ecomarketing --- Environmental advertising claims --- Environmental consumerism --- Environmental marketing --- Green products --- Marketing --- Environmental aspects --- Green marketing --- Economic aspects
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