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Police --- Crime --- 341.456 --- 351.74 --- -Police --- -351.74 --- Cops --- Gendarmes --- Law enforcement officers --- Officers, Law enforcement --- Officers, Police --- Police forces --- Police officers --- Police service --- Policemen --- Policing --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal justice personnel --- Peace officers --- Public safety --- Security systems --- City crime --- Crime and criminals --- Crimes --- Delinquency --- Felonies --- Misdemeanors --- Urban crime --- Social problems --- Criminal law --- Criminals --- Criminology --- Transgression (Ethics) --- Internationale politie. Interpol--(z.o. {351.74}) --- Politiediensten. Openbare orde. Ordediensten--algemeen --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Social aspects --- Crimes et criminels --- Politique criminelle --- Pays de la CEE. --- 351.74 Politiediensten. Openbare orde. Ordediensten--algemeen --- 341.456 Internationale politie. Interpol--(z.o. {351.74}) --- Coopération européenne. --- Criminalité --- Sûreté de l'État --- Lutte contre --- Coopération internationale. --- Police - European Economic Community countries. --- Crime - European Economic Community countries. --- Coopération européenne. --- Criminalité --- Sûreté de l'État

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Refoulement --- Emigration and immigration --- Illegal aliens --- Aliens --- Expulsion des étrangers --- Emigration et immigration --- Immigrants clandestins --- Etrangers --- Government policy --- Politique gouvernementale --- Droit --- France --- Deportation --- Europe --- United States --- Noncitizens. --- Noncitizens --- Deportation - Europe --- Deportation - United States --- Illegal aliens - Europe --- Illegal aliens - United States --- Europe - Emigration and immigration --- United States - Emigration and immigration

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This paper deals with loss of citizenship of the European Union (EU) due to the loss of nationality of an EU member state. Only the nationals of a member state possess European citizenship; the loss of nationality of a member state thus also implies the loss of European citizenship. Member states are in principle autonomous in nationality matters, which means that their rules on loss of nationality, and loss of EU citizenship, differ considerably. But member states must respect international law and the general principles of European law when dealing with loss of nationality. This report aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic comparative analysis of existing regulations and procedures in EU member states with regard to the involuntary loss of nationality. These rules are also assessed in light of international and European standards, in particular with regard to the prevention of arbitrary deprivation of nationality, the principle of proportionality and procedural guarantees. The report offers recommendations for policy-makers, judges and other authorities dealing with this issue.

Statelessness

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Mercenary troops --- Private security services --- Mercenaires --- Services privés de sécurité

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This paper examines the EU counterterrorism policy responses to the attacks in Paris, 7-9 January 2015. It provides an overview of the main EU-level initiatives that have been put forward in the weeks following the events and that will be discussed in the informal European Council meeting of 12 February 2015. The paper argues that a majority of these proposals predated the Paris shootings and had until that point proved contentious as regards their efficacy, legitimacy and lawfulness. A case in point is the EU Passenger Name Record (PNR) proposal. The paper finds that EU counterterrorism policy responses to the Paris events raise two fundamental challenges: A first challenge is to the freedom of movement, Schengen and Union citizenship. The priority given to the expansion in the use of large-scale surveillance and systematic monitoring of all travellers including EU citizens stands in contravention of Schengen and the free movement principle. A second challenge concerns EU democratic rule of law. Current pressures calling for an urgent adoption of measures like the EU PNR challenge the scrutiny roles held by the European Parliament and the Court of Justice of the European Union on counterterrorism measures in a post-Lisbon Treaty setting. The paper proposes that the EU adopts a new European Agenda on Security and Liberty based on an EU security (criminal justice-led) cooperation model firmly anchored in current EU legal principles and rule of law standards. This model would call for 'less is more' concerning the use, processing and retention of data by police and intelligence communities, and it would instead pursue better and more accurate use of data that would meet the quality standards of evidence in criminal judicial proceedings.

Rule of law --- Terrorism --- Prevention --- Government policy.