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Colonialism created exclusive economic and segregatory social spaces for the exploitation and management of natural and human resources, in the form of plantations, ports, mining towns, hill stations, civil lines and new urban centres for Europeans. Contagion and Enclaves studies the social history of medicine within two intersecting enclaves in colonial India; the hill station of Darjeeling which incorporated the sanitarian and racial norms of the British Raj; and in the adjacent tea plantations of North Bengal, which produced tea for the global market. This book studies the demographic and environmental transformation of the region: the racialization of urban spaces and its contestations, establishment of hill sanatoria, expansion of tea cultivation, labour emigration and the paternalistic modes of healthcare in the plantation. It examines how the threat of epidemics and riots informed the conflictual relationship between the plantations with the adjacent agricultural villages and district towns. It reveals how Tropical Medicine was practised in its 'field'; researches in malaria, hookworm, dysentery, cholera and leprosy were informed by investigations here, and the exigencies of the colonial state, private entrepreneurship, and municipal governance subverted their implementation. Contagion and Enclaves establishes the vital link between medicine, the political economy and the social history of colonialism. It demonstrates that while enclaves were essential and distinctive sites of articulation of colonial power and economy, they were not isolated sites. The book shows that the critical aspect of the enclaves was in their interconnectedness; with other enclaves, with the global economy and international medical research.

Public health --- Social medicine --- Medical care --- Medical sociology --- Medicine --- Medicine, Social --- Public welfare --- Sociology --- Medical ethics --- Medical sociologists --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- History. --- Social aspects --- India --- Indland --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Republic of India --- Bhārata --- Indii︠a︡ --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- Bharat --- Government of India --- インド --- Indo --- Social conditions --- Social conditions. --- Segregation. --- Public health. --- Medical care. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE --- MEDICAL --- HISTORY --- HEALTH & FITNESS --- Humanities. --- History: specific events and topics. --- Colonialism and imperialism. --- Ségrégation --- Santé publique --- Segregation --- Disease & Health Issues. --- Public Health. --- Health Policy. --- Health Care Delivery. --- Diseases. --- India & South Asia. --- Health Care Issues. --- Diseases --- General. --- Histoire --- History --- India. --- Conditions sociales --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Desegregation --- Race discrimination --- Minorities --- Indi --- Indii͡ --- هند --- Индия --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Learning and scholarship --- Classical education --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Descriptive sociology --- Social history --- Postcolonial --- Bengal --- Darjeeling --- Darjeeling district --- Dooars --- Kolkata --- Malaria --- Tea --- Terai

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English literature --- Colonies in literature. --- Nationalism in literature. --- Slavery in literature. --- Women and literature --- Literature and society --- Transnationalism --- Littérature anglaise --- Colonies dans la littérature --- Nationalisme dans la littérature --- Esclavage dans la littérature --- Femmes et littérature --- Littérature et société --- Transnationalisme --- History and criticism. --- History --- History --- Histoire et critique --- Histoire --- Histoire --- England --- Angleterre --- Civilization --- Civilisation

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"At present India is a leading producer, distributor, and consumer of generic medicines globally. Disparate Remedies traces the genealogy of this development and examines the public cultures of medicine in the country between 1870 and 1960. The book begins by discussing the expansion of medical consumerism in late nineteenth-century India when British-owned firms extended their sales to distant provincial towns. As a result, laboratory-produced drugs competed with traditional street remedies through side-by-side production of 'Western' and 'Indian' drugs by pharmaceutical companies. The emergent middle classes, the creation of a public sphere, and nationalist politics transformed the medical culture of modern India and generated conflict between Western and Indigenous medical systems and their practitioners. Nandini Bhattacharya demonstrates that these disparate therapies were sustained through the tropes of purity or adulteration, potency or lack of it, and epistemic heritage, even when their material configuration often differed little. Uniquely engaging with the cultures of both consumption and production in the country, Disparate Remedies follows the evolution of medicine in colonial India as it confronted Indian modernity and changing public attitudes surrounding health and drugs."-- Provided by publisher.

Pharmaceutical industry.

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At present India is a leading producer, distributor, and consumer of generic medicines globally. Disparate Remedies traces the genealogy of this development and examines the public cultures of medicine in the country between 1870 and 1960.The book begins by discussing the expansion of medical consumerism in late nineteenth-century India when British-owned firms extended their sales into remote towns. As a result, laboratory-produced drugs competed with traditional remedies through side-by-side production of Western and Indian drugs by pharmaceutical companies. The emergent middle classes, the creation of a public sphere, and nationalist politics transformed the medical culture of modern India and generated conflict between Western and Indigenous medical systems and their practitioners. Nandini Bhattacharya demonstrates that these disparate therapies were sustained through the tropes of purity or adulteration, potency or lack of it, and epistemic heritage, even when their material configuration often differed little.Uniquely engaging with the cultures of both consumption and production in the country, Disparate Remedies follows the evolution of medicine in colonial India as it confronted Indian modernity and changing public attitudes surrounding health and drugs.

Generic drugs --- Pharmaceutical industry --- Pharmacopoeias --- HISTORY / Asia / South / India. --- History --- Alembic. --- Ayurveda. --- BDAmin. --- Baroda. --- Bengal. --- British. --- Burroughs Wellcome. --- Chemicals. --- Government. --- Kala Bhavan. --- Medical. --- Mysore. --- Nehruvian. --- PCRay. --- Pharmacopeia. --- RNChopra. --- Store. --- Unani. --- active. --- alcohol. --- cinchona. --- colonial. --- digitalis. --- drugs. --- efficacy. --- excise. --- import. --- industrial. --- industrialization. --- ingredients. --- modernity. --- pharmacy. --- princely. --- science. --- state. --- substitution. --- trade. --- tropical. --- urban. --- western.

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