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International treaties, conventions, and organizations to protect refugees were established in the aftermath of World War II to protect people escaping targeted persecution by their own governments. However, the nature of cross-border displacement has transformed dramatically since then. Such threats as environmental change, food insecurity, and generalized violence force massive numbers of people to flee states that are unable or unwilling to ensure their basic rights, as do conditions in failed and fragile states that make possible human rights deprivations. Because these reasons do not meet the legal understanding of persecution, the victims of these circumstances are not usually recognized as "refugees," preventing current institutions from ensuring their protection. In this book, Alexander Betts develops the concept of "survival migration" to highlight the crisis in which these people find themselves.Examining flight from three of the most fragile states in Africa-Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Somalia-Betts explains variation in institutional responses across the neighboring host states. There is massive inconsistency. Some survival migrants are offered asylum as refugees; others are rounded up, detained, and deported, often in brutal conditions. The inadequacies of the current refugee regime are a disaster for human rights and gravely threaten international security. In Survival Migration, Betts outlines these failings, illustrates the enormous human suffering that results, and argues strongly for an expansion of protected categories.

POLITICAL SCIENCE --- Human Rights --- Refugees --- Political refugees --- Forced migration --- Human rights --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- Social Welfare & Social Work - General --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Emigration and immigration --- Political aspects --- Politics and government --- #SBIB:327.6H02 --- Internationale problemen: bijzondere vraagstukken --- Compulsory resettlement --- Involuntary resettlement --- Migration, Forced --- Relocation, Forced --- Resettlement, Involuntary --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Purification, Ethnic --- Migration, Internal --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Aliens --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- #SBIB:39A6 --- #SBIB:314H252 --- Etniciteit / Migratiebeleid en -problemen --- Internationale migratie

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States located near crisis zones are most likely to see an influx of people fleeing from manmade disasters; African states, for instance, are forced to accommodate and adjust to refugees more often than do European states far away from sites of upheaval. Geography dictates that states least able to pay the costs associated with refugees are those most likely to have them cross their borders. Therefore, refugee protection has historically been characterized by a North-South impasse. While Southern states have had to open their borders to refugees fleeing conflict or human rights abuses in neighboring states, Northern states have had little obligation or incentive to contribute to protecting refugees in the South. In recent years, however, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has sought to foster greater international cooperation within the global refugee regime through special conferences at which Northern states are pushed to contribute to the costs of protection for refugees in the South. These initiatives, Alexander Betts finds in Protection by Persuasion, can overcome the North-South impasse and lead to significant cooperation. Betts shows that Northern states will contribute to such efforts when they recognize a substantive relationship between refugee protection in the South and their own interests in such issues as security, immigration, and trade. Highlighting the mechanisms through which UNHCR has been able to persuade Northern states that such links exist, Protection by Persuasion makes clear that refugee protection is a global concern, most effectively addressed when geographic realities are overridden by the perception of interdependence.

Refugees --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Aliens --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Government policy --- International cooperation --- Protection --- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. --- A.C.N.U.R. --- ACNUR --- Agência da ONU para Refugiados --- Agencia de la ONU para los Refugiados --- Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados --- Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados --- Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados --- Alto commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i rifugiati --- Cao ủy của Liên Hợp Quốc về người tị nạn --- Cao ủy Liên Hiệp Quó̂c vè̂ người tị nạn --- Cao ủy Liên Hợp Quốc về người tị nạn --- Cao uỷ Tị nạn Liên Hiệp Quó̂c --- Flüchtlingshochkommissariat der Vereinten Nationen --- Grapheio tēs Hypatēs Harmosteias tōn Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn gia tous Prosphyges --- Haut commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés --- HCR --- Hypatē Harmosteia Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn gia tous Prosphyges --- Hypatē Harmosteia tōn Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn gia tous Prosphyges --- Înaltul Comisariat al Națiunilor Unite pentru Refugiați --- Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Mpunzi --- Kokuren Nanmin Kōtō Benmukan Jimusho --- Mufawwaḍīyah al-Sāmiyah lil-Umam al-Muttaḥidah li-Shuʼūn al-Lājiʼīn --- Mufawwaḍīyat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah li-Shuʼūn al-Lājiʼīn --- مفوضية الأمم المتحدة لشؤون اللاجئين --- Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados --- Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para Refugiados --- United Nations. --- U.N.H.C.R. --- UNHCR --- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees --- Upravlenie Verkhovnogo komissara OON po delam bezhent︠s︡ev --- Upravlinni︠a︡ Verkhovnoho komisara OON u spravakh biz︠h︡ent︠s︡iv --- Ured Visokog komesara Ujedinjenih naroda za izbjeglice --- UVKB OON --- Verkhovnyĭ komissar Organizat︠s︡ii Obʺedinennykh Nat︠s︡iĭ po delam bezhent︠s︡ev --- Visoki komisariat Združenih Narodov za begunce --- VKBOON --- ICNUR --- Yuen Nanmin Kigu --- 유엔 난민 기구 --- International Refugee Organization --- Flüchtling --- Flüchtlingspolitik --- Internationale Kooperation --- Refugees--Government policy. --- Refugees--International cooperation. --- Refugees--Protection. --- Regierung --- Schutz --- Vereinte Nationen --- Hoher Kommissar für Flüchtlinge --- Migration. Refugees --- Protection. --- Government policy. --- International cooperation. --- United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees --- United Nations. High Commissioner for Refugees --- Verenigde Naties. Hoge commissaris voor de vluchtelingen --- United Nations. Alto Comisionado para los Refugiados --- United Nations. Flüchtlingshochkommissariat --- United Nations. High Commission for Refugees --- United Nations. High Commission on Refugees --- United Nations. Hochkommissariat für Flüchtlinge --- United Nations. Oficina del Alto Comisionado para Refugiados

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Building upon the literature on contact theory, this paper explores the role of inter-group interaction in shaping social cohesion between refugees and host communities in East Africa. It draws upon First-hand quantitative (n=16,608) and qualitative data collected from refugees and nearby host communities in urban and camp-like contexts in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Focusing on the Uganda data, OLS regressions reveal a positive and significant correlation between refugee-host interaction and the perception of hosts towards refugees. This association disappears when an instrumental variable (IV) approach is used to address endogeneity issues, except when only data from the urban context is used. The analysis of cross-country data highlights further difierences in the types of interaction and perception that matter between urban and camp-like contexts. It also suggests that ethno-linguistic proximity between refugee and host populations is associated with more positive attitudes. In all contexts, an important part of attitude formation appears to take place at the intra-group level, within households and immediate neighbourhoods, independently of individual interaction with the out-group. The paper proposes a series of policy recommendations to improve refugee-host social cohesion, with difierent approaches required in urban and camp-like contexts.

Forced labor.

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Migration. Refugees --- Forced migration --- Refugees --- Political aspects. --- International cooperation.

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'Betts and Collier offer innovative insights into how to more effectively meet this challenge, with an important new focus on international solidarity and refugee empowerment' Kofi Annan'Refugees and policy makers need practical answers to what is now a global crisis. This valuable book represents the kind of can-do thinking that we need to see' David MilibandAn eye-opening account of the migrant crisis which shows why our global refugee regime is broken and how it can be fixed Europe is facing its greatest refugee crisis since the Second World War, yet the institutions responding to it remain virtually unchanged from those created in the post-war era. As neighbouring countries continue to bear the brunt of the Syrian catastrophe, European governments have enacted a series of ill-considered gestures, from shutting their borders to welcoming refugees without a plan for their safe passage or integration upon arrival. With a deepening crisis and a xenophobic backlash in Europe, it is time for a new vision for refuge. Going beyond the scenes of desperation which have become all-too-familiar in the past few years, Alexander Betts and Paul Collier show that this crisis offers an opportunity for reform if international policy-makers focus on delivering humane, effective and sustainable outcomes - both for Europe and for countries that border conflict zones. Refugees need more than simply food, tents and blankets, and research demonstrates that they can offer tangible economic benefits to their adopted countries if given the right to work and education. An urgent and necessary work, Refuge sets out an alternative vision that can empower refugees to help themselves, contribute to their host societies, and even rebuild their countries of origin. Bron : http://ww.bol.com

Aliens. --- Deportees. --- Exiles. --- Refugees. --- Migration. Refugees --- vreemdelingenrecht --- asielzoekers --- empowerment --- vluchtelingen --- Sociology of minorities --- sociale integratie --- Middle East --- Europe --- Maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen --- Vluchtelingen --- Vluchtelingencrisis --- Vluchtelingenbeleid --- EU --- Europese politiek --- Maatschappelijke ontwikkeling --- Vluchteling --- Europese Unie