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The book describes from a historical point of view how cosmic rays were discovered. The book describes the research in cosmic rays. The main focus is on how the knowledge was gained, describing the main experiments and the conclusions drawn. Biographical sketches of main researchers are provided. Cosmic rays have an official date of discovery which is linked to the famous balloon flights of the Austrian physicist Hess in 1912. The year 2012 can therefore be considered the centenary of the discovery.

Cosmic rays -- Research -- History. --- Cosmic rays. --- Physics. --- Cosmic rays --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Light & Optics --- Physics - General --- History --- Research --- Millikan rays --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Nuclear physics. --- Popular works. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Popular Science, general. --- Observations. --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Ionizing radiation --- Nuclear physics --- Radioactivity --- Space environment --- Science (General). --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics

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The book describes from a historical point of view how cosmic rays were discovered. The book describes the research in cosmic rays. The main focus is on how the knowledge was gained, describing the main experiments and the conclusions drawn. Biographical sketches of main researchers are provided. Cosmic rays have an official date of discovery which is linked to the famous balloon flights of the Austrian physicist Hess in 1912. The year 2012 can therefore be considered the centenary of the discovery.

Science --- Mathematics --- Astronomy --- History of physics --- Physics --- popularisering wetenschap --- wetenschappen --- wiskunde --- fysica --- astronomie

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This monograph provides an introductory discussion of evanescent waves and plasmons, describes their properties and uses, and shows how they are fundamental when operating with nanoscale optics. Far field optics is not suitable for the design, description, and operation of devices at this nanometre scale. Instead one must work with models based on near-field optics and surface evanescent waves. The new discipline of plasmonics has grown to encompass the generation and application of plasmons both as a travelling excitation in a nanostructure and as a stationary enhancement of the electrical field near metal nanosurfaces. The book begins with a brief review of the basic concepts of electromagnetism, then introduces evanescent waves through reflection and refraction, and shows how they appear in diffraction problems, before discussing the role that they play in optical waveguides and sensors. The application of evanescent waves in super-resolution devices is briefly presented, before plasmons are introduced. The surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are then treated, highlighting their potential applications also in ultra-compact circuitry. The book concludes with a discussion of the quantization of evanescent waves and quantum information processing. The book is intended for students and researchers who wish to enter the field or to have some insight into the matter. It is not a textbook but simply an introduction to more complete and in-depth discussions. The field of plasmonics has exploded in the last ten years, and most of the material treated in this book is scattered in original or review papers. A short comprehensive treatment is missing; this book is intended to provide just that.

Plasmonics --- Physics. --- Quantum optics. --- Semiconductors. --- Microwaves. --- Optical engineering. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Microwaves, RF and Optical Engineering. --- Quantum Optics. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Optics --- Materials --- Hertzian waves --- Electric waves --- Electromagnetic waves --- Geomagnetic micropulsations --- Radio waves --- Shortwave radio --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Electronic materials --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Dynamics --- Physics --- Light --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- Mechanical engineering --- New optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Plasma waves. --- Plasma sound waves --- Acoustic surface waves --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Waves

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