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This paper compares the output gap estimates for Mongolia based on a number of different methods. Special attention is paid to the substantial role of mining in the Mongolian economy. We find that a Blanchard and Quah-type joint model of output and inflation provides a more robust estimate of the output gap for Mongolia than the traditional statistical decompositions.

Industrial productivity --- Mineral industries --- Extractive industries --- Extractive industry --- Metal industries --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Mining industry --- Mining industry and finance --- Industries --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory) --- Econometric models. --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Natural Resources --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Economic growth --- Environmental management --- Output gap --- Potential output --- Business cycles --- Non-renewable resources --- Production --- Economic theory --- Natural resources --- Prices --- Mongolia

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This paper analyzes the potential for fintech to facilitate cheaper and more efficient remittances, and to enhance financial inclusion in Central America. Digital remittances remain nascent in the region, primarily reflecting behavioral inertia, small cost advantages of digital over traditional channels, and inadequate financial literacy. Through expanded alliances between traditional and fintech operators, digital remittances can further reduce transaction costs and reach those remote, low-income households in a timely and secure manner. A meaningful expansion of fintech remittances necessitates an enabling regulatory environment for digital financial services, and KYC and AML/CFT requirements proportionate to the value of transfers.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Exports and Imports --- Industries: Financial Services --- Finance: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Remittances --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Production, Pricing, and Market Structure --- Size Distribution of Firms --- Economywide Country Studies: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- International economics --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Finance --- Balance of payments --- Mobile banking --- Technology --- Financial inclusion --- Financial markets --- Fintech --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- International finance --- Financial services industry --- Technological innovations --- Banks and banking, Mobile --- Guatemala